N.S. SOKOLOV1, 2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor, Director (forstnpf@mail.ru, ns_sokolov@mail.ru)
1 OOO NPF «FORST» (109a, Kalinina Street, 428000, Cheboksary, Russian Federation)
2 I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University (15, Moskovskiy pr., 428015, Cheboksary, Russian Federation)

Long Research in Deformation Processes of Foundation Bases under Increased Loads Safety of operation of facilities according to GOST 27751–2014 «Reliability of building structures and foundations. The main provisions.» is regulated by the values of vertical settlements and tilts. The objects considered in this article belong to the structures of the first class of responsibility. As a result of the impact of increased loads reaching average pressures up to PII mt=680 kPa on their box-shaped foundations, they received settlements and tilts exceeding the maximum permissible values. In this case, the direction of the tilts during the erection of objects varies from 0 to 360о. Due to timely taking technical and technological methods during their erection, they are operated reliably.

Keywords: uneven settlement, tilt, settlements, forecast of base deformations.

For citation: Sokolov N.S. Long research in deformation processes of foundation bases under increased loads. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 3–8. (In Russian).

References
1. Sokolov N.S. Forecast of settlement of large-size foundations at high pressures on the base. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 3–8. (In Russian).
2. Egorov K.E., Sokolov I.S. Patterns of deformation of bases of foundations with a large area. Рарers of The All-Union Conference on foundation engineering «Accelerating scientific and technical progress infoundation engineering». Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1987, pp. 55.
3. Egorov K.E., Sokolov N.S. Features of deformations of bases of foundations with a large area. Papers of The Fourth All-Union Conference on foundation engineering. Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1987.Vol. 2, pp. 44.
4. Egorov K.E., Sokolov N.S. Features of the deformations of the bases of reactor departments of Atomic Electric Stations. Osnovaniya, fundamenty I mehanika gruntov. 1985. No. 4, pp. 14–17. (In Russian).
5. Sokolov N.S., Ushkov S.M. Features of calculating the sediment of large-sized foundations under elevated pressure on soils. Papers of the scientific and technical conference «Geotechnics of the Volga region-IV». 4.2. «Bases and foundations.» Saratov, 1989, pp. 34.
6. Sokolov N.S. Сollaboration of the bases and foundations of the Russian NPP. Trudy NIIOSP im. I.M. Gersevanova. 1988, Vol. 87, pp. 65. (In Russian).
7. Sokolov N.S. Deformation of the base of a circular foundation on a finite compressible layer. Trudy NIIOSP im. I.M. Gersevanova, 1987. Vol. 86, pp. 56. (In Russian).
8. Sokolov N.S., Ushkov S.M. Estimated soil resistance at the base of large-sized foundations at elevated pressure. V kn. Stroitrl’nye constructsii [Building structures]. Cheboksary, 1992, pp. 66–67.

T.A. NAZAROV, Bachelor, F.F. POSELSKY, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (skip_nsk@mail.ru) M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University (58, Belinsky Street, Yakutsk, 677000, Russian Federation)

Finite Element Analysis of Stress-Strain State of Reinforced Concrete Pile Foundation Structures of a Residential Building under Low Temperatures Impact The behavior of a reinforced concrete pile foundation at exceeding of permissible sizes of temperature blocks under the conditions of low temperature and on permafrost soils is considered. Materials of the building inspection are presented; the formation of cracks in foundation structures is shown. Strength calculation of the reinforced concrete pile foundation with vented under-floor space under the action of low temperature was performed in Ansys software. The stress-strain state beyond the elastic work of the structure with due regard for reducing the rigidity of the structure is analyzed with the use of the Willam-Warnke mathematical model. Dependences of strength and elastic-plastic deformation properties on the temperature are taken into account. Results of the numerical simulation are in good compliance with the inspection data and showed that the crack formation in the structures of the basement floor was caused by temperature-humidity deformations of concrete and reinforcement. The negative influence of internal angles in the plans of basement floors in the areas of niches and ledges which are concentrators of stresses and promote the crack formation in the structures is revealed. It is established that temperature stresses evident in the piles, in the abutment zones and the zones between the piles. Some recommendations on designing foundation structures in areas with low temperature are made.

Keywords: temperature-humidity impacts, reinforced concrete structures in cold climate, reinforced concrete structures on permafrost soils, non-linear properties of concrete, crack formation, finite elements method, first principle of using permafrost soils.

For citation: Nazarov T.A., Poselsky F.F. Finite element analysis of stress-strain state of reinforced concrete pile foundation structures of a residential building under low temperatures impact. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 9–14. (In Russian).

References
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3. Istomin A.D., Kudryavtsev A.V. Behavior of statically indeterminable reinforced concrete members under negative temperatures. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2016. No. 7, pp. 51–55. (In Russian).
4. Milovanov A.F., Samoylenko V.N. Uchet vozdeystviya nizkikh temperatur pri raschete konstruktsiy. Beton i zhelezobeton. 1980. No. 3, pp. 25–26. (In Russian).
5. Moskvin V.M., Kapkin M.M., Savitsky A.N., Yarmakovskiy V.N. Beton dlya stroitel’stva v surovykh klimaticheskikh usloviyakh [Concrete construction in extreme climatic conditions]. Leningrad, Strojizdat., 1973. 172 p. (In Russian).
6. Mukha V.I., Abakumov Yu.N., Malkov Ye.N. Osnovy rascheta, konstruirovaniya i vozvedeniya sooruzheniy v Yakutskoy ASSR. Part 1: Teoreticheskie osnovy rascheta stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy na temperaturnye vozdeystviya [Fundamentals of design, construction and erection of structures in the Yakut ASSR. Vol. 1: Theoretical basis for calculating building structures for temperature effects.] Yakutsk: Yakutskoe knignoe izdatelstvo, 1976. 248 p. (In Russian).
7. Rekomendatsii po raschetu zhelezobetonnykh svaynykh fundamentov, vozvodimykh na vechnomerzlykh gruntakh, s uchetom temperaturnykh i vlazhnostnykh vozdeystviy [Recommendations for the calculation of reinforced concrete pile foundations, erected on permafrost soils, considering temperature and humidity effects] Moscow: Strojizdat, 1981. 47 p. (In Russian).
8. Ansys Mechanical APDL Theory Reference. Release 17.2. Canonsburg. 2009. 884 p.
9. Schnobrich W.C., Suidan M. Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete. ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, 1973, ST10, pp. 2109–2122.
10. Taylor R.L., Beresford P.J., Wilson E.L. A Non-Conforming Element for Stress Analysis. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1976, vol. 10, pp. 1211–1219.
11. Willam K.J., Warnke E.D. Constitutive Model for the Triaxial Behavior of Concrete. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, 1975, vol. 19, pp. 43–57.
12. Wilson E.L., Taylor R.L., Doherty W.P., Ghaboussi J. Incompatible Displacement Models. Numerical and Computer Methods in Structural Mechanics. Edited by S.J. Fenves, et al. Academic Press, Inc. N. Y. and London. 1973, pp. 43–57.

I.A. ANTAKOV, assistant (igor788@bk.ru) Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street., Kazan, 420043, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation)

Features of Behavior of Flexural Members with Composite Polymeric Reinforcement under Load The article presents the results of experimental studies of strength, crack resistance of normal sections and deformability of flexural members reinforced with composite reinforcement. The study used bars of glass-composite and basalt-composite reinforcement, with pre-tensioning including. The beam specimens were subjected to the short duration loads. According to the results of the tests, cracking loads, the achievement of limit states for deflections and the width of cracks opening, fracture have been established. The dependence of the crack formation moment on the diameter of type of reinforcement has been revealed. Operation of beams under load after cracking and till failure is characterized by mostly linear dependence between the values of bending moments and deflections.Four mechanisms of destruction of beams were recorded. It is established that that the serviceability limit states come at 26.1–52.9% of rupture load, for beams with pre-stressed composite reinforcement – 42.3–70.3%. More efficient is the use of bars of smaller diameter.

Keywords: non-metallic reinforcement, composite polymeric reinforcement, concrete structures, flexural members.

For citation: Antakov I.A. Features of behavior of flexural members with composite polymeric reinforcement under load. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 15–18. (In Russian).

References
1. Al-Sunna R., Pilakoutas K., Hajirasouliha I., Guadagnini M. Deflection behavior of FRP reinforced concrete beams and slabs: An experimental investigation. Composites Part B: Engineering, 43 (5). 2012. 23 p.
2. Barris C., Torres L., Turon A., Baena M., Mias C. Experimental study of flexural behaviour of GFRP reinforced. Fourth International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008). Zurich, Switzerland, 22–24 July 2008.
3. Barris C., Torres L., Comas J., Mias C. Cracking and deflections in GFRP RC beams: an experimental study. Composites: Part B, 55. 2013, pp. 580–590.
4. Mahdi Feizbahr, Jayaprakash, Morteza Jamshidi, Choong Kok Keong. Review on Various Types and Failures of Fibre Reinforcement Polymer. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (10). 2013, pp. 1312–1318.
5. Pawłowskia D., Szumigałaa M. Flexural behaviour of fullscale basalt FRP RC beams – experimental and numerical studies. 7th Scientific-Technical Conference Material Problems in Civil Engineering (MATBUD’2015). Procedia Engineering 108. 2015, pp. 518–525.
6. Urbanski M., Garbacz A., Lapko A. Investigation on concrete beams reinforced with basalt rebars as an effective alternative of conventional R/C structures. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques. Procedia Engineering 57. 2013, pp. 1183–1191.
7. Klimov Y.A., Soldatchenko A.D., Witkowski J.A. Experimental study of composite reinforcement on the basis of basalt and glass roving for reinforcement of concrete structures. Beton i zhelezobeton. 2012. No. 2 (7), pp. 106–109 (In Russian).
8. Frolov N.V. Experimental research of concrete beams with glass-plastic bars in tensioned area. Vestnik Belgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta im. V.G. SHuhova. 2016. No. 2, pp. 46–50. (In Russian).

Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete named after A.A. Gvozdev (NIIZHB), JSC “Research Center of Construction” (6, 2nd Institutskaya Street, 109428, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Examples of Strengthening of Dangerous Reinforced Concrete Structures Dangerous structures are special structures which require a special approach when strengthening them, since any errors can lead to irreparable consequences. To solve the problems of strengthening of such structures is necessary very carefully, since practically any strengthening involves incorporating the existing (dangerous) structure in the operation and providing any additional impact on such a structure. A few examples of strengthening of reinforced concrete structures in the dangerous state are presented from the archive of works conducted by the Laboratory of engineering methods of study of reinforced concrete structures of A.A. Gvozdev NIIZHB. These examples show that the recommendations for strengthening dangerous structures can vary depending on every concrete case.

Keywords: bearing capacity, deformation, damages, strengthening, reinforcement, dangerous structures, collapse, unloading, dismantling, calculation.

For citation: Arleninov P.D., Krylov S.B. Examples of strengthening of dangerous reinforced concrete structures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 19–23. (In Russian).

References
1. Travush V.I., Konin D.V., Rozhkova L.S., Krylov A.S., Kaprielov S.S., Chilin I.A., Martirosyan A.S., Fimkin A.I. Experimental study of composite structures, working for eccentric compression. ACADEMIA. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2016. No. 3, pp. 127–135. (In Russian).
2. Arleninov P.D. Experience of development of strengthening of the reinforced concrete overpass metalwork. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2013. No. 1, pp. 37–38. (In Russian).
3. Arleninov P.D., Krylov S.B. Role of load application scheme for ensuring the bearing capacity of building structures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 30–33. (In Russian).
4. Аrleninov P.D. Krylov S.B. Current state of nonlinear calculations of reinforced concrete designs. Seismostoikoe stroitel’stvo. Bezopasnost’ sooruzhenii. 2017. No. 3, pp. 50–53. (In Russian).
5. Galustov K.Z. Nelinejnaja teorija polzuchesti betona i raschet zhelezobetonnyh konstrukcij. [Nonlinear theory of creep of concrete and calculation of reinforced concrete designs]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo fiz.-mat. litеratury. 2006, pp. 94–110.
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P.N. UMNYAKOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) Art Institute of Restoration (3, bldg.4, N.Bauman Township, 105037, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Engineering Solutions Implemented During the Great Patriotic War Space-planning, structural concepts and ventilation systems of the Central Academic Theater of the Russian Army (former the Red Army Theatre) built in the end of 1930s in Moscow are considered. This building was the first theatre built after 1917, that’s why many solutions, both space-planning and structural, as well solutions of engineering systems were adopted by Soviet designers for the first time. The article also presents the space-planning solutions of dugout-bomb shelters and ventilation systems of bomb-shelters in which the inhabitants of Moscow escaped from the bombing. Some episodes of the end of the Great Patriotic War connected with the mine clearing of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin in May 1945 are given.

Keywords: temperature, supply ventilation, extract ventilation, air exchange, comfort air-humidity conditions, moisture exchange.

For citation: Umnyakov P.N. Engineering solutions implemented during the Great Patriotic war. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 25–28. (In Russian).

References
1. Barhin G.B. Teatry [Theaters]. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii arhitektury SSSR, 1947.
2. Arhitektura Strany Sovetov. TEATRY [Architecture Of The Soviet Country. THEATRES]. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii arhitektury SSSR, 1948.
3. Yudin M.V. The Battle for Moscow. Figures and facts. Prepodavanie istorii v shkole. 2017. No. 1, pp. 33–41. (In Russian).
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8. Umnyakov P.N. Teplovoj i ehkologicheskij komfort. Proektirovanie processov okazaniya uslug [Thermal and environmental comfort. Design of services rendering processes]. Moscow: Forum, 2009. 440 p.
9. Umnyakov P.N. Osnovy rascheta i prognozirovaniya teplovogo komforta i ehkologicheskoj bezopasnosti na predpriyatiyah tekstil’noj i legkoj promyshlennosti [Bases of calculation and forecasting of thermal comfort and ecological safety at the enterprises of textile and light industry]. Moscow: Forum, 2003. 400 p.
10. Umnyakov P.N., Umnyakova N.P., Aldoshina N.E. Sohranenie drevnih shedevrov russkoj ikonopisi Troickogo sobora Svyato Troickoj Sergievoj Lavry. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing construction]. 2017. No. 6, pp. 40–44. (In Russian).
11. Umnyakov P.N., Umnyakova N.P., Aldoshina N.E. Obespechenie teplovogo rezhima dlya sohraneniya drevnih shedevrov russkoj ikonopisi Troickogo sobora Svyato Troickoj Sergievoj Lavry. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing construction]. 2017. No. 8, pp. 25–29. (In Russian).

S.V. PROKHOROV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (oc204@bk.ru) Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs (87, Gorky Street, Vladimir, 600000, Russian Federation)

Complex Approach to Formation of Machine Parks with Due Regard for Energy Efficiency Indicators Construction is one of the most important branches of the national economy and is an integral part of the country’s economy. At present, the production sector of the economy is experiencing significant difficulties connected with the economic crisis and international sanctions. However, this is an additional incentive for modernization of control systems, approaches to the formation of machine parks and the execution of building-erection works. This article considers the issue of formation of machine parks of the building organizations with due regard for indicators of energy efficiency. The solution of this problem makes it possible not only to reduce costs by saving fuel, lubricants etc. but also to improve the ecological situation in the zone of works. At the same time with improving the competitiveness of the construction industry, the interest of companies in the modern energy efficient equipment makes it possible to develop heavy engineering with a number of related industries that can not but affect the economic situation in the country as a whole.

Keywords: machine parks, energy efficiency, construction, modernization.

For citation: Prokhorov S.V. Complex approach to formation of machine parks with due regard for energy efficiency indicators. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 29–33. (In Russian).

References
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A.I. SVINTSOV1, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (svintsovap@rambler.ru); A.R. KOEN2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering); Z.A. BISIEV3, Engineer, I.Yu. ARSAMAKOV3, Engineer; T.N. NAUMOVA4, Engineer
1 Academy of Engineering, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (6, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198, Moscow, Russian Federation)
2 OOO “UK GenStroy” (7, Malaya Kalitnikovskaya Street, 109147, Moscow, Russian Federation)
3 OOO “INTERGRUPP” (13, LIT A, Moskovskoe Shosse, 196158, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation)
4 OAO UC “Investitsii. Financy. Kapital” (7, Malaya Kalitnikovskaya Street, 109147, Moscow, Russian Federation) Construction of Residential Buildings in Permanent Formwork of Cement-Chip Slabs Erection of residential buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete with the use of permanent cement-chip formwork is one of the effective methods of construction. At present, among all branches, the construction is characterized by the highest level of defectiveness of structures erected. In this regard, the evaluation of the reliability of erection of residential buildings in permanent formwork of cement-chip slabs in terms of the quality parameters is an actual scientifictechnical task. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies, the most often formed defects of structures have been revealed and cause-effect relations of their formation have been established. On the basis of on-site investigations, the reliability of the technological system in terms of the quality of structures erected was evaluated. In general, the construction technological system of erection of residential buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete in permanent cementchip formwork corresponds to the level of reliability in terms of quality parameters set by project documentation.

Keywords: formwork, concrete mix, reliability, quality, defects of structures, residential building.

For citation: Svintsov A.I., Koen A.R., Bisiev Z.A., Arsamakov I.Yu., Naumova T.N. Construction of residential buildings in permanent formwork of cement-chip slabs. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 34–39. (In Russian).

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K.R. YUSIFOVA, Engineer (yusifova.kamala@bk.ru) Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction (11, A. Sultanova Street, 1173, Baku, Azerbaijan) Exteriors and Interiors of Residential Houses at the Turn of the XIX–XX Centuries in Baku

The development of stylistic features of the local architecture in the XIX – early XX centuries, the emergence of new trends in the organization and design of exteriors and interiors of the period considered are traced. The emergence and spread of capitalistic production relations had a significant impact on the subsequent development of Azerbaijan architecture. New observed manifestations in the architecture of Azerbaijan especially clearly reflected in the development of Baku. Already at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, during the period of rapid development of the oil industry, Baku became one of the largest cities of the Russian Empire. During this period, the architecture of Azerbaijan developed on the basis of the composition of buildings which occupied an important place in the architectural-planning structure of dwellings and the traditions of European architecture. The basis of compositional structure of buildings constructed by local architects and people craftsmen were traditional architectural roots. Pupils of the European school of architecture actively acted together with local architects.

Keywords: architecture, exterior, interior, trends, buildings, house, traditions, style, furniture.

For citation: Yusifova K.R. Exteriors and interiors of residential houses at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in Baku. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 40–47. (In Russian).

References
1. Mikailova M.N. The style characteristic of the architecture of Baku in the XIX – early XX century. Sociologiya goroda. 2012. No. 4, рр. 46–50. (In Russian).
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