V.A. IL’ICHEV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Academician, Vice-President of RAACS, President of Russian Society for Soil Mechanics, Geotechnics and Foundation Engineering (RCSM&FE); R.T. AKBIEV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering); A.Yu. MIRNY³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (nocgeolab@mail.ru)
1 Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (24, structure 1, B. Dmitrovka Street, 107031, Moscow, Russian Federation)
2 Non-commercial Partnership “National Union of Experts of Urban Development Activity (SROSEKSPERTIZA) (9, Dushinskaya Street, Moscow, 111024, Russian Federation)
3 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Hwy, Moscow 129337, Russian Federation)

Development of a Professional Standard «Specialist in the Field of Soil Mechanics, Geotechnics and Foundation Engineering»
The need for developing the professional standard in the field of soil mechanics, geotechnics and foundation engineering is considered from the point of view of organizing this type of labor activity in the Russian Federation. Main problems of the development are briefly outlined, the description of selected and generalized labor functions with substantiating the introduction of new types of activity in the field of geotechnics is presented. The information on the organization of the development and the composition of the working group is also presented. The article contains contact information for comments and suggestions.

Keywords: professional standard, soil mechanics, geotechnics, foundation engineering, labor legislation.

References
1. Vil’ner M.Ya. On the professional standard system in urban development. BST: Byulleten’ stroitel’noi tekhniki. 2014. No. 9 (961), pp. 52–53. (In Russian).
2. Il’ichev V.A., Kolchunov V.I., Bakaeva N.V. Contemporary architectural-construction education in light of living environment problems solving. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 3, pp. 3–9. (In Russian).
3. Novikov S.P., Salii K.V., Kulikova D.I. Professional standard for employees and employers. Novaya nauka: Problemy i perspektivy. 2015. No. 5–2, pp. 203–205. (In Russian).
4. Odarich I.N. Forming of professional competences according to types of professional activity of bachelors in specialty 08.03.01 «Construction engineering». Baltiiskii gumanitarnyi zhurnal. 2016. Vol. 5. No. 2 (15), pp. 173–176. (In Russian).
5. Safronova O.L. Formation of requirements to the worker in the modern economy: from EKs and ETKS to professional standards. Ekonomika i predprinimatel’stvo. 2014. No. 4–1 (45–1), pp. 519–523. (In Russian).

Z.G. TER-MARTIROSYAN¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), V.V. SIDOROV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), A.Z. TER-MARTIROSYAN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering); A.V. MANUKYAN², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
1 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, 129337, Moscow, Russian Federation)
2 OOO «Concern MonArch» (31A, Leningradsky Avenue, 125284, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Squeezing of a Weak Layer from Sub-foundation of Finite Size
Formulation and solution of the problem about squeezing of the weak layer from the sub-foundation of finite width using the analytical and numerical methods are presented. Formulas for determining the initial critical load on the sub-foundation as well as formulas for determining the speed of squeezing of the weak layer and the speed of foundation settlement are presented. As design models for the weak soil, visco-plastic models with continuous and fading speeds according to the law of hyperbolic sinus and tangent as well as the elasto-plastic model of S.P. Timoshenko are considered. Analytical solutions obtained are calculated with the help of PK MathCAD. In the article, the solution of the set problem is also considered numerically, with the help of the finite element method. Comparative assessment of analytical and numerical solutions is made.

Keywords: squeezing, weak layer, settlement speed, visco-plastic model, shear stress.

References
1. Тer-Martirosyan Z.G. Mekhanika gruntov [Mekhanik of soil]. M.: ASV, 2009. 550 p. (In Russian).
2. Ter-Martirosyan Z.G. Reologicheskie parametry gruntov i raschet osnovanii sooruzhenii [Rheological parameters of soil and calculation of the bases of constructions]. M.: Stroyizdat, 1990. 200 р. (In Russian).
3. Ukhov S.B. Mekhanika gruntov, osnovaniya i fundamenta [Mechanics of soil, basis and base]. M.: Vysshaya shkola, 2007. 561 p. (In Russian).
4. Bronstein I.N., Semendyaev K.A. Spravochnik po matematike dlya inzhenerov i uchashchikhsya vtuzov [The reference book on mathematics for engineers and pupils of technical colleges]. Sankt-Peterburg: LAN’, 2009. 608 p. (In Russian).
5. Ter-Martirosjan Z.G., Ter-Martirosjan A.Z., Sidorov V.V. Initial critical pressure under the heel of the round foundation and bored piles under the heel of round section. Estestvennye i tehnicheskie nauki. 2014. No. 11–12 (78). pp. 372–376. (In Russian).
6. Ter-Martirosjan Z.G. Stress-strain state in a ground massif and its interaction with the pile and deep foundations. Vestnik MGSU. 2006. No. 1. pp. 38–49. (In Russian).
7. Ter-Martirosyan Z.G., Ter-Martirosyan A.Z., Abdoul Whitebait A.S. M the Intense deformed condition of the twolayer basis with the transformed top layer. Vestnik MGSU. 2008. No. 2, pp. 81–95. (In Russian).
8. Vjalov S.S. Reologicheskie osnovy mehaniki gruntov [Rheological basics of soil mechanics]. Moscow: Vysshaja shkola. 1978. 447 p. (In Russian).
9. Goffman O., Zaks G. Vvedenie v teoriyu plastichnosti dlya inzhenerov. [Introduction to the theory of plasticity for engineers]. M.: Gosizdat mashinostroitel’noi literatury, 1957. 279 p. (In Russian).
10. Kachanov L. M. Osnovy teorii plastichnosti. [Bases of the theory of plasticity]. M.: Nauka, 1969. 420 p. (In Russian).
11. Maslov N. N. Osnovy inzhenernoi teorii i mekhaniki gruntov [Bases of the engineering theory and mechanics of soil]. M.: M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1982. 511 p. (In Russian).
12. Nadai A.A. Plastichnost’ i razrushenie tverdykh tel. [Plastichnost and destruction of solid bodies]. M.: Mir, 1969. V. 2. 863 p. (In Russian).

N.S. SOKOLOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Director (forstnpf@mail.ru), V.M. RYABINOV, Engineer, Deputy Director (wmr2004@mail.ru) OOO Scientific-Production Company «FORST» (109a, Kalinina Street, 428022, Cheboksary, Russian Federation)

Technique of Construction of Bored-Injection Piles of Increased Bearing Capacity
In connection with increasing construction volumes under cluttered urban environments the use of bored-injection piles produced according to the pulse-discharge technology acquires special relevance. Any bored-injection pile of strengthening has a small diameter and significant length. In this case, its bearing capacity in relation to the pile shaft is a little less than the bearing capacity in relation to the soil. The creation of widenings along the pile makes it possible to increase the bearing capacity of the pile in relation both to the soil and the shaft. The results of static tests indicate that the bearing capacity of such piles is increased many times comparing with bored-injection piles with constant cross sections along the length.

Keywords: widenings, “thrust bearing”, cluttered environments, bearing capacity.

References
1. Patent RF 2250958. Ustroistvo dlya izgotovleniya nabivnoi svai [The device for production of a stuffed pile]. N.S. Sokolov, V.Yu. Tavrin, V.A. Abramushkin. Declared 14.07.2003. Published 27.04. 2005. Bulletin No. 12. (In Russian).
2. Patent RF 2250957. Sposob izgotovleniya nabivnoi svai [Method of production of a stuffed pile]. N.S. Sokolov, V.Yu. Tavrin, V.A. Abramushkin. Zayavl. Declared 14.07.2003. Published 27.04. 2005. Bulletin No. 12. (In Russian).
3. Patent RF 2282936. Generator impul’snykh tokov [Generator of pulse currents]. N.S. Sokolov, Yu.P. Pichugin. Declared 4.02.2005. Published 27.08. 2006. Bulletin No. 24. (In Russian).
4. Sokolov N.S., Ryabinov V.M. About one method of calculation of the bearing capability the buroinjektsi-onnykh svay-ERT. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2015. No. 1, pp. 10–13. (In Russian).
5. Sokolov N.S. Metod of calculation of the bearing capability the buroinjektsionnykh svay-RIT taking into account «thrust bearings». Materials of the 8th All-Russian (the 2nd International) the «New in Architecture, Designing of Construction Designs and Reconstruction» conference (NASKR-2014). 2014. Cheboksary, pp. 407–411. (In Russian).
6. Sokolov N.S., Viktorov S.S., Fedorov T.G. Piles of the raised bearing capability. Materials of the 8th All-Russian (the 2nd International) the «New in Architecture, Designing of Construction Designs and Reconstruction» conference (NASKR-2014). 2014. Cheboksary, pp. 411–415. (In Russian).
7. Sokolov N.S., Petrov M.V., Ivanov V.A. Calculation problems the buroinjektsionnykh of the piles made with use of digit and pulse technology. Materials of the 8th All-Russian (the 2nd International) the «New in Architecture, Designing of Construction Designs and Reconstruction» conference (NASKR-2014). 2014. Cheboksary, pp. 415–420. (In Russian).
8. Sokolov N.S., Sokolov S.N., Sokolov A.N. Experience of recovery of a dangerous structure of the Vvedensky cathedral to Cheboksary. Geotechnica. 2016. No. 1, pp. 60–65. (In Russian).
9. Sokolov N.S., Ryabinov V. M. About efficiency of the device the buroinjektsionnykh of piles with multi-seater broadenings with use of electro-digit technology. Geotechnica. 2016. No. 2, pp. 28–32. (In Russian).
10. Russian Federation patent for plezny model No. 161650. Ustroistvo dlya kamufletnogo ushireniya nabivnoi konstruktsii v grunte [The device for camouflage broadening of a stuffed design in soil]. N.S. Sokolov, H.A. Dzhantimirov, M.V. Kuzmin, S.N. Sokolov, A.N. Sokolov. Declared 16.03.2015. Published 27.04.2016. Bulletin No. 2. (In Russian).
11. Sokolov N.S., Ryabinov V.M. Features of the device and calculation the buroinjektsionnykh of piles with manyplaced broadenings. Geotechnica. 2016. No. 3, pp. 4–8. (In Russian).

A.G. SHASHKIN, Doctor of Sciences (Geology and Mineralogy), General Director, Coordinator of Saint-Petersburg Commission on Bases, Foundations and Underground Facilities, K.G. SHASHKIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Deputy Director, Member of TC-207 “Soil-Structure Interaction and Retaining Walls, ISSMGE” OOO «ISP Georeconstruction» (4, оf. 414, Izmaylovsky Avenue, 190005 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)

Underground Construction in Saint-Petersburg: a Brief Review of Technical Solutions
A brief review of technical solutions on construction of underground facilities under conditions of dense development on soft soils characteristic for Saint- Petersburg area is presented. Features of behavior of water saturated clay soils of a small and medium degrees of lithification (soft soils) under conditions of quasi-static loading and unloading are also presented. Principles of designing of underground facilities on the developed territories are formulated. Features of the design of deep excavation shoring and the system of their bracing are shown. Various techniques of construction of deep excavations are considered. A method for construction of an underground facility with the help of “rigid contour”, as the most safety for the existing development, is proposed.

Keywords: underground facility, safety of surrounding development, geotechnical substantiation, soft clay soil.

References
1. Ulitsky V.M., Shashkin A.G., Shashkin K.G. Geotekhnicheskoe soprovozhdenie razvitiya gorodov [Geotechnical maintenance of development of the cities]. SPb: Stroyizdat Severo-Zapad, Georekonstruktion. 2010. 551 p. (In Russian).
2. Vasenin V.A. Development evaluation a deposit of historical building of St. Petersburg by results of supervision since the end of the 19th century. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2013. No. 4, pp. 2–7. (In Russian).
3. Shashkin A.G. Proektirovanie zdanii i podzemnykh sooruzhenii v slozhnykh inzhenerno-geologicheskikh usloviyakh Sankt-Peterburga [Building designing and underground constructions in difficult engineering-geological conditions of St. Petersburg]. Moscow: Academicheskaya kniga – Geomarketing. 2014. 352 p. (In Russian).
4. Shashkin A.G. Bases of calculation of underground constructions in the conditions of urban development on weak clay soil. Zhilizhchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing construction]. 2011. No. 6, pp. 39–46. (In Russian).
5. Shashkin A.G. Modification of the TOP-DOWN method for conditions of restoration and reconstruction of the historical building. Zhilizhchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing construction]. 2009. No. 2, pp. 25–31. (In Russian).
6. Shashkin A.G., S.G. Gods. Approbation of the «wall in soil» technology in engineering-geological conditions of St. Petersburg. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2012. No. 11, pp. 20–22. (In Russian).
7. Ulitsky V.M., Shashkin A.G. Ustroystvo of underground amount of the second scene of the Maryinsky Theater in the conditions of weak clay soil. Zhilizhchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing construction]. 2011. No. 10, pp. 24–31. (In Russian).
8. Shashkin A.G., S.G. Gods. Use of the jet grouting technology in case of the device of underground amount in the conditions of weak clay soil. Zhilizhchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing construction]. 2014. No. 9, pp. 27– 33. (In Russian).

O.A. MAKOVETSKY¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering); S.S. ZUEV², Deputy General Director (s.zuev@inbox.ru), I.I. KHUSAINOV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)
1 Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky Avenue, 614019, Perm, Russian Federation)
2 OAO “New Ground” (35, Kronshtadskaya Street, 614081, Perm, Russian Federation)

Substatiation of the Use of an Artificial Base «Structural Block»
An example of the use of jet grouting for ensuring the stabilization of differential settlements of a high-rise buildings on the weak soils base is presented. The evaluation of engineering-geological conditions of the construction site is made; the need for using the artificially improved base “structural geo-massive” is substantiated. Principles of simulation, designing and execution of rigid soil-concrete elements at the construction site are described. The analysis of results of the geodetic monitoring of settlements development shows the substantiation of the structural solution proposed.

Keywords: jet grouting, structural massive, computer simulation, underground construction, settlement, soils, soil-concrete elements.

References
1. Ilyichev V.A., Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Experience of development of underground space of policies Russian mega. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2012. No. 2, рр. 17–20. (In Russian).
2. Dzhantemirov H.A., Dolev A.A. Experience of strengthening of the basis of a construction by means of jet technology. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2006. No. 1, рр. 16–19. (In Russian).
3. Ponomarev A.B. Geotechnical monitoring of the apartment house. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 9, pp. 41–46. (In Russian).
4. Makovetsky O.A., Zuev S.S. Ensuring operational reliability of underground part of complexes of residential buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 9, pp. 38–41. (In Russian).
5. Bogov S.G. Fixing of soil on jet technology for reconstruction of buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 9, pp. 51–55. (In Russian).
6. Mangushev R.A., Gutovsky V.E., Konyushkov V.V. Determination of strength characteristics of the gruntotsementny massif executed on the jet-grouting technology in engineering-geological conditions of St. Petersburg. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2010. No. 2, рр. 69–77. (In Russian).
7. Chernyakov A.V. An assessment of durability of a gruntobeton in jet technology. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 10, рр. 37–39. (In Russian).
8. Rodionov V.N., Sizov I.A, Tsvetkov V.M. Fundamentals of geomechanics. Moscow: Nedra, 1986. 301 p. (In Russian).
9. Makovetsky O.A., Zuev S.S., Khusainov I.I., Timofeev M.A. Ensuring geotechnical safety of the building under construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 9, pp. 34–38. (In Russian).

R.A. MANGUSHEV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (npk-cgt@yandex.ru), D.A. SAPIN, Engineer (Dmitry-spbgasu@yandex.ru) Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, 2-nd Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, 190005 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)

Determination and Substantiation of Parameters of Safe Arrangement of a Trench Slurry Wall in Dense Building Development
Results of the work for determining and substantiating parameters of a slurry wall operating as an excavation wall under the three-storey underground parking, which make it possible to maintain additional precipitations of buildings of the neighboring development to the extent permitted under applicable regulations, are presented. In this case, both precipitations caused by excavation of pit and technological precipitations caused by the process of construction of the trench slurry wall are evaluated. On the basis of variants calculations, practical recommendations for the design and calculation of deep excavation walls excavated with the use of the “top-down” method under conditions of the existing dense development and under engineering-geological conditions of the central part of St. Petersburg, which is characterized by the thick mass of highly deformable lake-glacial soils, have been developed.

Keywords: numerical simulation, slurry wall, additional precipitation of neighboring development, technological precipitation, deep excavation, “top-down”, calculation of excavation wall.

References
1. Osokin A.I., Denisova O.O., Shakhtarina T.N. Technology support of underground construction under conditions of urban development. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 3, pp. 16–24. (In Russian).
2. Moormann Ch., Moormann H.R. A study of wall and ground movements due to deep excavations in soft soil based on worldwide experiences. Proc. the 3rd Int. Symp. (ISToulouse 2002) «Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground», 4th Session Deep Excavation: Design and Аnalysis. Toulouse, France, 23–25 October, 2002, pp. 477–482.
3. Peck R.B. Deep excavation and tunnelling in soft ground. State of the art report. Proc 7th Int Conf SMFE. Mexico City, 1969, pp. 147–150.
4. Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S., Konyushkov V.V., Osokin A.I. Proektirovanie i ustroistvo podzemnykh sooruzhenii v otkrytykh kotlovanakh [Designing and the device of underground constructions in open ditches]. Moscow: ASV, 2013. 256 p.
5. Spravochnik geotekhnika. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i podzemnye sooruzheniya. [Reference book geotechnics. Bases, bases and underground constructions]. Pod redacsiey Ilyichev V.A., Mangushev R. A. Moscow: ASV, 2014. 756 p.
6. Zavarzin L.G. Razrabotka metodiki inzhenerno-geologicheskogo kartirovaniya primenitel’no k Leningradu [Development of a technique of engineering-geological mapping in relation to Leningrad]. Report on a scientific to the state budget subject (H-13)/18 / LISI. Leningrad, 1975.
7. Morareskul N.N., Zavarzin L.G. Opyt tipizatsii osnovanii i fundamentov v raionakh massovoi zastroiki [Experience of typification of the bases and bases in areas of mass building]. Leningrad: LDNTP, 1984. 32 p.
8. Geologicheskii atlas Sankt-Peterburga [Geological atlas of St. Petersburg]. St. Petersburg: Commeilfo, 2009. 57 p.
9. Otchet po sostavleniyu obobshchennoi karty inzhenernogeologicheskogo raionirovaniya territorii Leningrada i Lesoparkovoi zony (dlya podzemnogo stroitel’stva) [The report on creation of the generalized card of engineeringgeological division into districts of the territory of Leningrad and the Green space (for underground construction): Code 378–78(33)]. Leningrad: GRII trust, 1978.
10. Mangushev R.A., Osokin A.I. Geotekhnika Sankt-Peterburga [Geotechnology of St. Petersburg]. Мoscow: АSV, 2010. 264 p.
11. Mangushev R.A., Veselov A.A., Konyushkov V.V., Sapin D.A. Numerical simulation of adjoining developments technology settlement in process of trench slurry wall construction. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2012. No. 5 (34), pp. 87–98. (In Russian).
12. Fadeyev A.B. Parameters of model of the strengthened soil of the Plaxis program. Numerical methods of calculations in practical geotechnics: collection of articles of the international scientific and technical conference. 2012, pp.13-20.
13. Shashkin A.G., Bogov S.G. Approbation of diaphragm wall technology under geological engineering conditions of St. Petersburg. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2012. No. 11, pp. 20–22. (In Russian).

V.A. ALEKSEEV¹, Engineer (634586@mail.ru), S.I. BAZHENOVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), I.Ya. KHARCHENKO¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering); A.I. KHARCHENKO², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering); S.A. KRIVCHUN¹, Engineer
1 National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Hwy, 129337, Moscow, Russian Federation)
2 ZAO “Ingeostroy” (7, Malaya Kalitnikovskaya Street, 109147, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Improvement of Shotcrete Quality for Construction of Tunnel and Tunnel-Related Facilities
The use of shotcrete in the course of underground construction makes it possible to intensify the process of works, excludes the use of formwork with reinforcement and their assembling. One of the methods of improving qualitative characteristics of shotcrete is the use of a modified composition with optimally selected granulometric and mineralogical content as a binder and introduction of fiber in the concrete mix.

Keywords: underground construction, shotcrete, composite binder, micro-filler, nano-particles, fiber.

References
1. Merkin V.E. Tunneling in Sweden and Norway (on materials of a business trip). Metro i tonneli. 2015. No. 6, pp. 10–14. (In Russian).
2. Merkin V.E. About combined lining of transport tunnels from sprayed concrete with a evaporated waterproofing (on seminar materials in Norway). Metro i tonneli. 2015. No. 6, pp. 10–14. (In Russian).
3. Begalinov A.B., Serdaliev E.T., Almenov T.M. Methods of improvement of quality and efficiency of application of a shotcrete in underground conditions. Gorniy informatcionnoanaliticheskiy bulleten’. 2013. No. 5, pp. 5–9. (In Russian).
4. Bazhenov M. I., Harchenko A.I. Research of some properties of cements with a fine additive. Nauchno-tehnicheskiy vestnik Povolzhya. 2012. No. 5, pp. 83–85. (In Russian).
5. Alimov L.A., Stenechkina K.S., Voronin V. V., Larsen O. A. Influence of temperature and moist conditions on formation of structure of concrete with nanomodifiers. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2015. No. 10–1, pp. 122–125. (In Russian).
6. Solovyev V.G., Buryanov A.F., Elsufyeva M.S. Features of production stalefibrobetonnykh of products and designs. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Сonstruction materials]. 2014. No. 3, pp. 18–21. (In Russian).
7. Petropavlovskaya V.B., Novichenkova T.B., Belov V.V., Buryanov A.F. Particle size distribution as criterion of regulation of properties of disperse systems. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Сonstruction materials]. 2013. No. 1, pp. 64–65. (In Russian).
8. Belov V.V., Obraztsov I.V. Computer optimization of grain structures of construction composites on the basis of cement and mineral mixes. Izvestiya Kaznskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitelnogo universiteta. 2014. No. 3, pp. 172–178. (In Russian).

O.A. MAKOVETSKY¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering); S.S. ZUEV², Deputy General Director (s.zuev@inbox.ru), M.A. TIMOFEEV², Engineer, S.F. SELETKOV², Engineer; V.I. TRAVUSH³, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
1 Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky Avenue, 614019, Perm, Russian Federation)
2 OAO “New Ground” (35, Kronshtadskaya Street, 614081, Perm, Russian Federation)
3 Institute GORPROJECT (15, Academika Tupoleva Emb., 105005, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Arrangement of System of Vertical and Horizontal Geotechnical Barriers when Constructing High-Rise Buildings on Weak Soils
An example of the use of jet grouting of soil for providing the geotechnical safety of the underground part of the high-rise buildings complex is presented. The assessment of engineering-geological conditions of the construction site is made; the need for using the system of vertical and horizontal geotechnical barriers is substantiated. Principles of simulation, designing and execution of rigid soil-concrete elements, results of the computer simulation of the geotechnical situation in program PLAXIS are described. The analysis of results of the computer simulation according to various scenarios shows the substantiation of the structural solution proposed.

Keywords: jet grouting, geotechnical barrier, computer simulation, underground construction, geotechnical safety.

References
1. Ilyichev V.A., Konovalov P. A., Nikiforova N. S. The forecast of deformations of buildings near ditches in the conditions of dense urban development of Moscow. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2004. No. 4, рр. 17–21. (In Russian).
2. Mangushev R. A., Oshurkov N. V., Gutovsky V. E. Influence of three-level underground space on residential buildings surrounding застройки. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2010. No. 5, pp. 23–27. (In Russian).
3. Ilyichev V.A., Gotman Yu.A., Nazarov V.P. Settlement justification of use of JET-grouting for decrease a deposit of the existing building from construction underground multipurpose комплекса. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2009. No. 2 (19), рр. 95–97. (In Russian).
4. Zuev S.S., Timofeev M.A., Seletkov S.F., Makovetsky O.A. The analysis of change of a hydrogeological situation at the device of a geotechnical barrier of the Smart Park Ufa complex. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 9, pp. 16–17. (In Russian).
5. Makovetsky O.A., Zuev S.S., Khusainov I.I. Application of jet cementation for the device of underground parts of complexes. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2013. No. 9, pp. 10–14. (In Russian).
6. Makovetsky O.A., Zuev S.S. Ensuring operational reliability of underground part of complexes of residential buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 9, pp. 38–41. (In Russian).
7. Ilyichev V.A., Gotman Yu.A. Calculation of the gruntotsementny massif for decrease in movements by method of optimum design. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2011. No. 4, pp. 24–31. (In Russian).
8. Ponomarev A.B. Geotechnical modeling of influence of a deep ditch at reconstruction зданий. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 9 pp. 38–44. (In Russian).

S.G. BOGOV, Engineer(s.bogov@georec.spb.ru), Deputy General Director OOO «ISP Georekonstruktsiya» (4, Off. 414, Izmaylovsky Avenue, Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)

Formation of Subsurface Volumes in Cellarless Historical Buildings Under Conditions of Weak Soils of Saint Petersburg
In the Russian Federation in connection with increasing the volumes of reconstruction works, when buildings are adapted to current conditions, there is a need to develop reliable methods for strengthening foundation bases to construct new cellars or to deepen existing technical crawl spaces. This problem is an actual one for Saint Petersburg, the city with a large number of architectural monuments. In the national geotechnical practice various methods of bases strengthening are used: underpinning, fixation of bases by cementation or silication, construction of micro-piles. In the end of the XX century, the method of bases strengthening of existing buildings by means of construction of “rootlike” piles, cement piles of small diameters, realized directly through the body of existing foundations, factually converting the strip foundation into the pile foundation with rubble grillage was widely used. Some of these methods are labor-consuming and very expensive, others have a limited sphere of application and can be used in soils with developed pore space, minimal content of clay particles and very often don’t make it possible to solve the main task – construction of a new hermetical volume under the existing building without dewatering.

Keywords: construction of cellars in cellarless buildings, strengthening of weak soil with cements, jet grouting, soil cement.

References
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L.M. KOLCHEDANTSEV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), S.V. VOLKOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (wsw_1953@mail.ru), L.V. VOLKOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Economics) Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, 190005, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation)

Organization-Technological Solutions for Constructing Foundations of High-Rise Buildings
Issues of improving methods of concreting and conditions of curing of massive structures of high-rise building foundations are considered. Organizationtechnological solutions adopted for construction of massive structures of high-rise building foundations which provide the certain order of constructing the protection and conditions of concrete cooling are substantiated on the example of construction of the 86-storey building of “Lakhta Center” in Saint-Petersburg. In the course of studies conducted, the following organization-technological solutions influencing on the thermo-stressed state of the concreted massif of the foundation were established: protection of the massif with materials by construction of a heating housing as the cheapest and the least labor-intensive method, as well as the method of concrete curing in the artificial cover with due regard for the ambient temperature. For construction of massive structures of high-rise building foundations, a complex of organization-technological solutions, including protection of the foundation massif by means of the heating housing together with heat insulation, as well as the calculation and control of temperature conditions of the foundation slab hardening for providing the crack resistance, is required.

Keywords: construction, high-rise building, protection, regulation, temperature conditions, concreting, massive structure, foundation.

References
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S.A. KRIVCHUN¹, Engineer (skrivchun@gmail.com), E.A. KRIVCHUN¹, Master; M.I. BAZHENOV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), V.A. ALEKSEEV², Engineer, A.I. KHARCHENKO², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), I.Ya. KHARCHENKO², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
1 National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, 129337, Moscow, Russian Federation)
2 ZAO «INGEOSTROY» (7, M. Kalitnikovskaya Street, 109147, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Structure and Properties of Soil-Concrete Blocks on the Basis of Nano-Modified Micro-Cements
The use of fine-disperse mineral binders makes it possible to solve a wide range of problems in geotechnics. When forming soil-concretes formed by treatment of soils with fine-disperse mineral binders, at the stage of binder hydration, its transition to the colloid state with further crystallization in soil pores takes place. In this case, a large number of factors including chemical-mineralogical and granulometric compositions of the initial binder, technological parameters of the preparation of impregnating compositions, impact on the high strength factors of the soil concrete. Improve the efficiency of such binders is possible by selection of technological parameters and introduction of new efficient methods for activation – ultrasonic activation and activation in apparatus of a sound layer.

Keywords: fine-disperse binders, composite binders, micro-cements, geotechnics, underground construction.

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V.D. DEMIN, Design Chief Engineer, (mail@dev-city.ru), K.V. KOZLOV, Deputy Head of Automated Design Department (mail@dev-city.ru) OOO NPTS “City Development” (19, bldg. 3, Mira Avenue, 129090, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Main Problems of Providing Capital Construction Objects with Engineering Infrastructure
To control timely the provision of capital construction objects with engineering infrastructure, the Complex of urban policy and construction of Moscow conducts the system work for monitoring of construction of engineering infrastructure objects and interaction of developers acting on the territory of the city with network resource-supplying organizations. The article considers main challenges facing the executive power bodies in the process of controlling the provision of capital construction objects with engineering infrastructure, notes the problematic issues encountered in the coordination of the investment-construction activity of city resource-supplying organizations and developers as well as measures taken to solve them. Both the legislative basis of the activity of local self-government bodies in the framework of main activities related to the monitoring of technological connection of capital construction objects to the engineering networks (including the analysis and coordination of investment programs of operating organizations, and organization of information interaction among the Departments of Moscow) and main aspects of daily operative work aimed at identifying and solving the problems that arise in the course of technological connection of objects to the engineering networks including the introduction of automated information systems and conduction of regular meeting with the participation of all interested parties are considered.

Keywords: engineering infrastructure, urban development, technological connection, control, planning, information systems, monitoring.

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