L.V. KIEVSKY, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Chief Research Scientist (mail@dev-city.ru), R.L. KIEVSKAYA, Candidate of Sciences (Economics), Advisor to General Director (rimchic@gmail.com), Yu.A. MAREEV, Chief Specialist (mail@dev-city.ru) “Razvitie Goroda” OOO NPTS (Structure 3, 19, Mira Avenue, 129090, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Main Methodic Directions of Forming the Urban Development Rating The actuality of the study is determined by the fact that well-known world ratings consider only separate urban development indicators which don’t give a complex idea about urban development of a city as a whole. Among all well-known world ratings there is no a rating devoted to the urbandevelopment itself, which, according to the Urban Development Code of the City of Moscow, includes the development of various objects of real estate (areas among them) aimed at the creation of favorable environment for life activity of population and guests of the city. Methods for creating the rating of urban development of world metropolises are proposed. Using these methodic directions, when forming the urban development ranking, it is possible to expect the improvement of the objectivity of assessments when comparing cities of the world between each other according to the level of urban development.

Keywords:international ratings, urban development, cities-metropolises, comparative assessments.

References
1. Kievskiy L.V. From construction management to investment process in construction management. “Razvitie Goroda”. Collection of proceedings 2006–2014. Moscow. SvRARGUS. 2014. 592 p. (In Russian).
2. Kievskiy L.V. Planirovanie i organizacija stroitel'stva inzhenernyh kommunikacij [Planning and management of engineering services construction]. Moscow. SvR-ARGUS. 2008. 464 p.
3. Jushkova N.G. Urban development management: government and market cooperation. Academia. Arhitektura i stroitel'stvo.2010. No. 1, pp. 66–69. (In Russian).
4. Semenov A.A. Current status of housing construction in Russia. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo[Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 4, pp. 9–12. (In Russian).
5. Ilyichev V.A., Karimov A.M., Kolchunov V.I. et al. Proposals to the draft doctrine of urban development and resettlement (strategic city planning). Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo[Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 1, pp. 2–10. (In Russian).
6. Malyha G.G., Sinenko S.A., Vajnshtejn M.S., Kulikova E.N. Structural modeling of data: requisites of data object in construction modeling. Vestnik MGSU.2012. No. 4, pp. 226– 230. (In Russian).
7. Bogachev S.N., Shkol'nikov A.A., Rozentul R.Je., Klimova N.A. Construction risks and means of their minimization. Academia. Arhitektura i stroitel'stvo.2015. No. 1. pp. 88–92. (In Russian).
8. Kievsky I.L., Kievsky L.V., Mareev Yu.A. International rankings of cities as criteria of urban development. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo[Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 11, pp. 3–8. (In Russian).
9. David Dodman, Barry Dalal-Clayton, Gordon McGranahan. Integrating the environment in urban planning and management: key principles and approaches for cities in the 21 century. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) United Nations Environment Programme.2013.
10. Malojan G.A. Urban conglomeration forming problems. Academia. Arhitektura i stroitel'stvo.2012. No. 2, pp. 83–85. (In Russian).
11. Malojan G.A. From the city to agglomeration. Academia. Arhitektura i stroitel'stvo.2010. No. 1, pp. 47–53. (In Russian).
12. PlaNYC Progress Report 2010. Report. New York, United States, April 2010, p. 22. URL:http://www.nyc.gov/html/ planyc2030/downloads/pdf/planyc_progress_report_2010. pdf. (date of access 05.08.2015).

S.А. SYCHEV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (sasychev@ya.ru), G.M. BADJIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Y.N. KAZAKOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), D.T. KURASOVA, Engineer Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, 2-ya Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, 190005, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation)

Game-Theoretic Approach to the Design of High-Speed Installation Technology of Buildings The game-theoretic approach to the solution of practical problems of construction industry, which makes it possible to considerthe features of real situations with different probability of execution of technological operations when constructing buildings of modules, has been developed. The adoption of an optimal solution depends on many factors and production conditions of work, including applied materials, structures, means of mechanization, methods and ways of production, organization of labor at the construction site. A simulation game-theoretic model of the analysis of production situations in the technology and organization of modular construction, in which the composition and sequence of works can be changed during the simulation of modular construction process with elements of various technological structures, is proposed.

Keywords:quick build, unified modular constructions, prefabricated in the factory, pre-fabricated modular buildings, high speed of construction.

References
1. Asaul A.N., Kazakov Ju.N., Bykov B.L., Knjaz' I.P., Erofeev P.Ju. Teorija i praktika ispol'zovanija bystrovozvodimyh zdanij [Teoriya i praktika ispol'zovaniya bystrovozvodimykh zdanii.]. SPb.: Gumanistika, 2004. 463 р.
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4. Bad'in G.M., Sychev S.A. Analiz defektov montazha i jekspluatacii bystrovozvodimyh konstrukcij. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovanija.2015. № 2, рр. 218–223. (In Russian).
5. Bad'in G.M., Sychev S.A. Sovremennye tehnologii stroitel'stva i rekonstrukcii zdanij [Modern technologies of construction and reconstruction of buildings]. SPb.: BHVPeterburg, 2013. 288 р.
6. Verstov V.V., Bad'in G.M. Osobennosti proektirovanija i stroitel'stva zdanij i sooruzhenij v Sankt-Peterburge // Vestnik grazhdanskih inzhenerov.2010. № 1 (22), рр. 96–105. (In Russian).
7. Kazakov Ju.N., Sychev S.A. Sistema vozvedenija domov zavodskogo izgotovlenija. Materials of the International scientific and practical conference «Science and Education in Life of Modern Society».Tambov, 2015. рр. 63–65.
8. Day A. When modern buildings are built offsite. Building engineer.2011, 86(6), pp.18–19.
9. Fudge J., Brown S. (2011). Prefabricated modular concrete construction. Building engineer.2011, 86 (6), pp. 20–21.
10. Head P.R. Construction materials and technology: A Look at the future. Proceedings of the ICE – Civil Engineering.2001, 144 (3), pp. 113–118.
11. Rounce G. Quality, waste and cost considerations in architectural building design management. International Journal of Project Management,1998, 16 (2), pp. 123–127.
12. Swamy R.N. Holistic design: key to sustainability in concrete construction. Proceedings of the ICE – Structures and Building.2001, 146 (4), pp. 371–379.
13. Wang Y., Huang Z., Heng L. Cost-effectiveness assessment of insulated exterior wall of residential buildings in cold climate. International Journal of Project Management, 2007. 25 (2), pp. 143–149.

L.V. BREZGINA ¹ , Director (brezgina@yandex.ru), L.M. PLYUSNINA ² , Candidate of Sciences (Economics)
1 Training and Production Center for Training and Advanced Training of Cadres of Building Industry and Housing and Public Utilities «School of Estimate» (59 Komsomolsky Avenue, 614039, Perm, Russian Federation)
2 Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29 Komsomolsky Avenue, 614039, Perm, Russian Federation)

Cost Engineering of Investment Building Projects of Real Estate Objects on the Basis of Neural Network Models Cost engineering of an investment building project of a real estate object on the basis of taking into account production, market, and behavioral factor is considered. As an optimal cost, the best cost indicator of the investment building project of the real estate object which is determined onthe basis of the balance of interests of all participants including investors, manufacturers, and consumers of building products and services has been adopted. The use of a neural network approach to the cost engineering is argued. The pentagram of cost engineering is proposed. The neural network model of cost engineering forthe investment building project of the real estate object has been developed. The influence of not only internal but also external factors on the cost is revealed. The efficiency of using neural networks when managing the cost of the investment building project at all stages of the life cycle with the purpose of its optimization it is substantiated.

Keywords:real estate object, factors, cost engineering, neural network model, investment building project.

References
1. Brezgina L.V. Concept of cost engineering of the investment construction project. Collection of materials IV of scientific and practical conference with the international participation «Innovative development of economy: tendencies and prospects».Perm. 2015, pp. 13–16. (In Russian).
2. Brezgina L.V., Plusnina L.M. Management of the cost of construction production in the conditions of behavioural economy. Ikonomika and менеджмънт on an inovatsiita – sjvremenn of the theory and practice: Materials X of the international scientific and practical conference.Varna. 2014, pp. 57–62.
3. Tsvetkov V.A. Osnovy kompleksnogo upravleniya stoimost'yu [Bases of integrated management of cost]. M.: ZAO «PMSOFT», 2013. 315 p. (In Russian).
4. Galushkin A.I. Neironnye seti [Neural networks]. M.: Goryachaya liniya – Telekom, 2012. 496 p. (In Russian).
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6. Lyutova L.V., Pyatkovsky O. I. Application of neural network approach for creation of model of estimation of cost of residential real estate on the example of a task «a planning assessment». Polzunovskii al'manakh.2013. No. 1, pp. 156–159. (In Russian).
7. Munerman I.V., Borusnyak K.K. Features of neural network modeling in a problem of a mass assessment of municipal real estate of Moscow. The Collection of materials XI of the April international conference «Modernization of Economy and Society».Moscow. 2011, pp. 72–76. (In Russian).
8. Red'ko V.G. Evolyutsiya, neironnye seti, intellekt: Modeli i kontseptsii evolyutsionnoi kibernetiki [Evolution, neural networks, intelligence: Models and concepts of evolutionary cybernetics]. M.: URSS, 2015. 224 p.
9. Heldman K. Professional'noe upravlenie proektom. [Professional management of the project]. M.: BINOM. Laboratoriya znanii, 2015. 728 p.
10. Brezgina L.V. Cost engineering in investment and construction activity. Innovatsionnoe razvitie stroitel'nykh samoreguliruemykh organizatsii.2013. No. 3, рр. 32–41. (In Russian).

Ya.M. AYZENBERG ¹ , Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Scientific Head of Center of Research in Seismic Stability of Structures (eisenberg@raee.su); V.I. TRAVUSH ² , Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Vice-President of RAACS; E.A. ROGOZHIN ³ , Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Deputy Director of Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences; V.I. SMIRNOV ¹ , Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Head of Center of Research in Seismic Stability of Structures
1 TSNIISK named after V.A. Kucherenko, JSC Research Center of Construction (6, 2-ya Institutskaya Street, 109428, Moscow, RussianFederation)
2 RAACS (24, Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street, 107031, Moscow, Russian Federation)
3 Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of RAS (structure 1, 10, B. Gruzinskaya Street, 123242, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Physical Parameters Of Seismic Ground Motion Should Be Used In Seismic Design Code Instead Of Intensity Scale Degree Values The article discusses the issues of development of standards of structures designing for earthquake dangerous areas. Proposals about exclusion obsolete and unfit notions «degree» and «scale» from the design standards and maps of seismic zoning are presented. These notions are indefinite, vague and should be substituted for physical parameters of seismic soil motion (acceleration, velocity, displacement, etc.). Proposed changes in design standards and, accordingly, seismic zoning maps, are aimed at eliminating the imbalance that exists today between the content of engineering sections and seismological data presented in the norms.

Keywords:earthquake intensity degree, earthquake intensity scale, parameters of soil seismic motion (acceleration, velocity, displacement).

References
1. Nazarov A.G. About expediency of refusal of a seismic scale for an assessment of intensity of strong earthquakes. In book: Seismic scale and methods of measurement of seismic intensity [Seismicheskaya shkala i metody izmereniya seismicheskoi intensivnosti]. M.: Nauka. 1975, рр. 25–28. (In Russian)
2. Ayzenberg of Ya.M. Shkal of seismic intensity. Analysis and suggestions for improvement. Seismostoikoe stroitel'stvo. Bezopasnost' sooruzhenii.2005. No. 3, рр. 24–26. (In Russian).
3. Gusev A.A. About the principles of mapping of seismodangerous regions of the Russian Federation and rationing of seismic loadings in terms seismic ускорений. Inzhenernye izyskaniya.2011. No. 9, рр. 21–24. (In Russian).
4. Smirnov V. I. Remarks, offers and comments to the joint venture 14.13330.2012 «Construction in seismic countries. The staticized edition Construction Norms and Regulations of II-7–81*». Seismostoikoe stroitel'stvo. Bezopasnost' sooruzhenii.2013. No. 2, рр. 22–31. (In Russian).
5. Fears V.N., Ulomov V.I., Shumilina L.S. General seismic division into districts of the territory of Russia and adjacent regions. Physica Zemli.1998. No. 10, рр. 4–10. (In Russian).
6. Grunthal G. (Editor). European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98) / Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Seismologie. Luxemburg: ESC, 1998. V. 15. 79 p.
7. Hachiyan E.E. Applied seismology [Prikladnaya seismologiya]. Еrevan: Gitutyun, 2008. 491 p. (In Russian).
8. Nemchinov Yu.I., Maryenkov N.G., Havkin A.K., Babik K.N. Design of buildings with the set level of ensuring seismic stability [Proektirovanie zdanii s zadannym urovnem obespecheniya seismostoikosti]. Kiev: Gudimenko, 2012. 384 p. (In Russian).
9. Gryuntal G. Evropeyskaya the Macroseismic Scale. Luxemburg, 1993. 128 p.
10. Ayzenberg Ya. M., Smirnov V. I. Protection against extreme seismic influences. Innovative systems. Materials X of the Academic readings of RAACES on Caucasus Mineralnye Vody region. Architecture and town planning in the conditions of extreme natural and technogenic influences.MoscowPyatigorsk, 2012 , рр. 13–15. (In Russian).
11. Ayzenberg Ya.M. Cards of seismic division into districts need modernization. Seismostoikoe stroitel'stvo. Bezopasnost' sooruzhenii.2014. No. 2, рр. 14–16. (In Russian).
12. Steinberg V.V., Saks M.V., Aptikayev F.F., etc. Methods of an assessment of seismic influences. Voprosy inzhenernoi seismologii. 1993. Vyp. 34, рр. 5–94. (In Russian).
13. Ayzenberg of Ya.M. Shkal of seismic intensity and norm of construction design. Seismostoikoe stroitel'stvo. Bezopasnost' sooruzhenii.2012. No. 3, рр. 17–19. (In Russian).
14. Aptikayev F.F. Tool scale of seismic intensity [Instrumental'naya shkala seismicheskoi intensivnosti]. M.: JSC Nauka i obrazovaniye, 2012. 176 p. (In Russian).
15. Ayzenberg Ya.M. Seismic zoning and seismic risk. Seismostoikoe stroitel'stvo. Bezopasnost' sooruzhenii.2001. No. 1, рр. 12–15. (In Russian).
16. Medvedev S.V. International scale of seismic intensity. In book: Seismic division into districts of the USSR [Seismicheskoe raionirovanie SSSR]. M.: Nauka, 1968, рр. 151– 162. (In Russian).
17. Gusev A.A. About a seismological basis of norms of aseismic construction in Russia. Physica Zemli.2002. No. 12, рр. 35– 44. (In Russian).

A.V. MASLYAEV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (maslaev@mail.ru) Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (1 Akademicheskaya Street, 400074, Volgograd, Russian Federation)

Analysis of Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education in the Direction of Preparation «Construction»
An attempt is made to consider the problem of protection of human settlements, life and health of citizens in buildings during impacts of dangerous natural phenomena from the point of view of the content of two Federal state educational standards of higher education in the direction of preparation “Construction” 0.03.01 (bachelor level) and 08.04.01 (master level). The analysis of these educational standards of the Russian Federation is made by comparison of their requirements to the professional competence of graduates with the relevant requirements to buildings and structures in the RF Federal laws. For example, in the list of construction tasks in standards, which the graduate must perform at a professional level, there is no overriding requirement of the Federal Law № 384-FZ on the protection of life and health of people in buildings. This requirement is especially urgent when buildings and structures are erected on territories on which, according to Federal documents, impacts of dangerous natural phenomena (floods, fires, earthquakes et.al) are possible. It turns out that flooding and burning of human settlements on the territory of Russia also occur because the students are not taught to rules of their protection under the impact of dangerous natural phenomena. The article proposes to add the Federal standards with new provisions which allow the graduates to solve, at the professional level, the task of protection of human settlements of Russia, life and health of citizens in buildings under impacts of dangerous natural phenomena.

Keywords: standard, life and health of people, buildings and structures, earthquake, construction.

References
1. Маslyaev А.V. About absence in the federal normative documents of the re-quirements of the federal law № 384-ФЗ of protection of life and health of the citizens in buildings at earthquakes. Prirodnye i tekhnogennye riski. Bezopasnost' sooruzhenii. 2014. No. 3, pp. 32-34.
2. Маslyaev А.V. The analysis парадигмы СП 14.13330.2014 on maintenance сейсмозащиты of buildings of the raised responsibility at earthquake. Zhilishnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing construction]. 2015. No. 8, pp. 51–55. (In Russian).
3. Маslyaev А.V. Парадигма of the Federal laws and normative documents of Russian Federation for antiseismic protection of buildings of the raised responsibility at earthquake. Vestnik VolgGASU: Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura. 2015. No. 41 (60), pp. 74–84. (In Russian).
4. Маslyaev А.V. Account of buildings and structures for preservation of life and health of the people at earthquake. Zhilishnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing construction]. 2009. No. 8, pp. 33–35. (In Russian).
5. Маslyaev А.V. Preservation of health of the people which are taking place in buildings at Earthquake. Prirodnye i tekhnogennye riski. Bezopasnost' sooruzhenii. 2014. No. 2, pp. 38–42. (In Russian).

I.A. GRUNICHEV, Architect (igrunichev@mail.ru) Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, 2nd Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, 190005, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)

Architectural Principle of Wind Generators Integration in Low-Rise Buildings in Areas of Coastal Territories Principles of the integration of wind generators in the architecture of buildings and their influence on the formation of the building as a whole are considered. Wind turbines which are possible to integrate in the architecture of low-rise buildings are suggested. Variants of the use of wind generators are analyzed on examples of the foreign architecture of energy-saving residential buildings. A hypothesis and aim of work – a new formation of residential low-rise buildings in variant of the pre-emptive use of wind power plants.

Keywords: ecological construction, formation of residential buildings, integration of wind generators into architecture, energy saving.

References
1. Van Der Melen P., Brisko K. Wind generators on a building roof // Zdaniya vysokikh tekhnologii. 2013. Summer, pp. 46– 57. (In Russian).
2. Esaulov G.V. Sustainable architecture as a design paradigm (the question of definition) «Sustainable Architecture: Present and Future». Papers of the International Symposium. 17–18 November 2011. Papers of the Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy) and the group Knauf CIS. Mosckow: 2012, pp. 22–25. (In Russian).
3. Tsitsin K.G. Power effective technologies – the future of housing construction. Effektivnoe antikrizisnoe upravlenie. 2013. No. 2 (77), рp. 50–51. (In Russian).
4. Sapacheva L.V. Ecosteady position of the Russian architects. Zhilishhnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2010. No. 12, рp. 19–22. (In Russian).
5. Danilov S.I. Aktivny, because passive and clever. Initsiativy XXI veka. 2011 . No. 4–5, рp. 72–83. (In Russian).
6. Remizov A.N. On Stimulation of Environmentally Sustainable Architecture and Building. Zhilishhnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 3, рp. 41–43. (In Russian).
7. Shonina N.A. Wind Power. Santekhnika. 2012. No. 2, pp. 14–19. (In Russian).
8. EWICON – without windmill rotor generates electricity by water droplets. EcoMonitoring. 2013. № 3, pp. 11–12. (In Russian).
9. Kulakov A.V. Wind power in Russia: Problems and prospects of development. Energosovet. 2011. № 5 (18), pp. 37–38. (In Russian).

M.A. ORLOVA, Engineer (orlovamaria_na@mail.ru) Ivanovo State Polytechnic University (20, 8 Marta Street, 153003, Ivanovo, Russian Federation)

Experimental Studies of Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Cracks
For studying the influence of different defects on the bearing capacity of bending elements, experimental studies of reinforced beams with vertical and horizontal cracks have been conducted. The results of experimental studies and theoretical calculations of the residual strength of reinforced concrete beams with different cracks are presented. Tables including schemes of defects and loadings, characteristics of concrete and reinforcement corresponding to various series of beams, as well as values of the breaking bending moment and the ratio of reduction in the bearing capacity of beams with cracks in comparison with analogous beams without initial defects are also presented. In conclusion, the analysis of different cracks influence on the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams is given.

Keywords: reinforced concrete beams, crack, residual strength.

References
1. Tamrazyan A.G., Filimonova E.A. Method of search of a reserve of the bearing ability of ferroconcrete plates of overlappings. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2011. No. 3, pp. 23–25. (In Russian).
2. Tamrazyan A.G., Dudina I.V. Ensuring quality of combined ferroconcrete designs at a production stage. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Cjnstruction]. 2001. No. 3, pp. 8. (In Russian).
3. Tamrazyan A.G., Dudina I.V. Influence of variability of controlled parameters on reliability of preintense beams on production stages. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Cjnstruction]. 2001. No. 1, pp. 16–17. (In Russian).
4. Piradov K.A., Guzeev E.A. Approach to an assessment of the intense deformed condition of ferroconcrete elements through parameters of mechanics of destruction. Beton i zhelezobeton. 1994 No. 5, pp. 19–23. (In Russian).
5. Piradov K.A. Teoreticheskie i eksperimental'nye osnovy mekhaniki razrusheniya betona i zhelezobetona [Theoretical and experimental bases of mechanics of destruction of concrete and reinforced concrete.] Tbilisi: Energiya. 1998. 355 p.
6. Peresypkin E.N., Shevtsov S.V. Calculation of the bent ferro concrete elements taking into account the concrete resistance to distribution of cracks. Izvestiya Sochinskogo gosudarstven nogo universiteta. 2011. No. 1, pp. 106–115. (In Russian).
7. Peresypkin E.N. Raschet sterzhnevykh zhelezobetonnykh elementov. [Calculation of rod ferroconcrete elements]. М.: Stroiizdat, 1988. 168 p.
8. Orlova M.A. Test of reinforced concrete beams with cracks Part 1. Organization and conduct of experiment. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Cjnstruction]. 2010. No. 8, pp. 39–42. (In Russian).
9. Orlova M.A. Results of experimental investigations investigation of bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams with cracks. X Russian-Polish seminar «Theoretical Bases of Construction». Warsaw. 2001, pp. 269–272.
10. Orlova M.A. Test of reinforced concrete beams with cracks Part 2. Results of experiment. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo. 2010. No. 9, pp. 38–42. (In Russian).
11. Tamrazyan A.G. Features of work of high-rise buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Cjnstruction]. 2004. No. 3, pp. 19–20. (In Russian).
12. Tamrazyan A.G., Filimonova E.A. Rational distribution of rigidity of plates on building height taking into account work of overlapping on shift. Vestnik MGSU. 2013. No. 11, pp. 84–90. (In Russian)

V.F. KOROVIAKOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (tvvib@mgsu.ru), A.F. BUR’YANOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Hwy, 129337, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Scientific and Technical Backgrounds of Efficient Application of Gypsum Materials in Construction
The results of multiyear studies connected with the modification of gypsum binders with the purpose to improve water resistance, frost resistance and durability of products on their base as a whole are presented. Composite gypsum binders (CGB) obtained have passed extensive checking when preparing different concretes which could be an efficient alternative to cement concretes when producing some structures for construction of residential and social buildings. Properties of such materials as single-piece, block and industrial panel wall materials are considered. The results of inspections of buildings and structures constructed in different years which confirmed the sufficient durability of structures made of modified gypsum concretes are reviewed.

Keywords: gypsum, modified binder, composite binder, concretes, structures, durability

References
1. Ferronskaya A.V., Korovyakov V.F., Baranov, Bur’yanov A.F., Losev Yu.G., Poplavskii V.V., Shishin A.V. Gips v malojeta zhnom stroitel’stve [Gypsum in low-rise construction]. Mos cow: ASV. 2008. 240 p.
2. Bur’yanov A.F. Gypsum, its research and application of P.P. Budnikova up to Shih-day. Stroitel’nye materialy [Build ing Materials]. 2005. No. 9, pp. 40–43. (In Russian).
3. Ferronskaya A.V. Dolgovechnost’ gipsovyh materialov, izdelii i konstrukcii [The durability of gypsum materials, prod ucts and designs]. Moscow: Stroiizdat. 1984. 286 p.
4. Marsaev R.N., Babkov V.V., Nedoseko I.V., Junusova M.S., Pechenkina T.V., Krasnogorov M.I. Experience in the pro duction and operation of gypsum wall products. Stroitel’nye materialy [Building Materials]. 2008. No. 3, pp. 78–80. (In Russian).
5. Pustovgar A.P. Experience of gypsum binders in the con struction of buildings. Stroitel’nye materialy [Building Materi als]. 2008. No. 3, pp. 81–86. (In Russian).
6. Ferronskaya A.V. Opyt primenenija gipsovyh materialov i izdelii v stroitel’stve (otechestvennyi i zarubezhnyi) [Expe rience of plaster materials and products in the construc tion of (domestic and foreign)] Proceedings of the semi nar: Increasing effectiveness, efficiency of production and application of plaster materials and products. Ufa. 2004, pp. 190–195. (In Russian).
7. Ferronskaya A.V. Gipsovye materialy i izdeliya (proizvodstvo i primenenie) [Gypsum materials and products (production and use)]. Moscow: ASV. 2004. 488 p.
8. Korovyakov V.F. Gypsum binders and their use in construc tion. Rossiiskii khimicheskii zhurnal. 2003. No. 4. Vol. XLVII, pp. 18–25. (In Russian).
9. Korovyakov V.F. Prospects for production and use in the construction of water-resistant gypsum binders and prod ucts. Stroitel’nye materialy [Building Materials]. 2008. No. 3, pp. 65–67. (In Russian).
10. Gontar’ Ju.V., Chalova A.I., Bur’yanov A.F. Suhie stroitel’nye smesi na osnove gipsa i angidrita [Dry building mixtures based on gypsum and anhydrite]. Moscow: De-Nova. 2010. 214 p.

V.P. ETENKO, Doctor of Architecture, State University of Land Use Planning (15, Kazakova Street, 105064, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Ecological Problems of High-Rise Buildings
For ensuring comfort conditions of staying and habitation, high-rise buildings have a significant amount of engineering equipment, operation of which significantly damages the human environment. Architects and specialists working in the sphere of high-rise building construction make great efforts to reduce the negative effect of high-rise buildings on the ecology. The passive measures include the creation of atriums in the building that ensures natural lighting and ventilation in the premises without the use of engineering equipment. Active measures for reducing the negative impact on the environment include the use of renewable sources of energy: wind turbines, solar units, terrestrial heat, bio-fuel. All this leads to the significant reduction in the energy consumption from urban networks. The generation of this energy is connected with processing of natural fuel and emission of the great amount of carbon oxide. All active and passive methods are aimed at reducing the level of impact on the ecological situation and, finally, at the preservation of natural riches of the environment.

Keywords: bio-climatic architecture of high-rise buildings, atriums, “green” high-rise buildings, renewable resources of energy, solar and wind units, ecological standard, secondary processing, “grey” water.

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