A.A. VOLKOV ¹ , Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAACS; L.A. SHILOVA ² (shilova@rosenergo.gov.ru), Engineer
1 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Shosse, 129337, Moscow, Russian Federation)
2 Russian Energy Agency of the Energy Ministry of the Russian Federation (REA, Minenergo of Russia) (40, p. 1, Shchepkina Street, 129110, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Determining the Safety Level of a Life Support Object

On the territory of the Russian Federation many life support objects have the status of city-forming. Primarily, these are the objects of Heat-And-Power Engineering Complex (HPEC): thermal power stations, hydroelectric stations and other unique objects. Incidents and accidents at such facilities entail physical, social, and, sometimes, environmental damage. To reduce the impact of emergencies, the system of criteria, which determines the level of safety of an object and makes it possible, according to preliminary estimates, to take timely action to reduce the cost of liquidation of emergencies and, in some cases, completely avoid them, is proposed. The article presents the threshold values of proposed criteria and also describes a possible variant of calculation of the object safety level. Due to the fact that the proposed algorithm is flexible in terms of ensuring the safety of life support objects, it can be used at various types of objects.

Keywords: safety, life support object, threshold values, city-forming objects, criterion of engineering sustainability, calculation of object safety, emergency

References
1. Волков А.А., Муминова С.Р. Original approach to servicelife prognostication developed for residential buildings. Vestnik MGSU. 2013. No. 3, pp. 244–248. (In Russian).
2. Maghutov N.А. Otsenki I prognozy strategicheskih riskov v tehnogennoy sfere zhiznedeyatelnosti gosudarstva. Strategiya gragdanskoy zachiti: problem I issledovaniya. 2013. No. 2. V. 3, pp. 179–188. (In Russian).
3. Musaev V.K., ParfenkovV.V., Vorotnikov А.V., Denisenkova N.N., Novikov V.V. O monitoringe kompleksnoy bezopasnosti unikalnyh obektov pri chrezvychaynyh situatsiyah prirodnogo-tehnogennogo I ekologicheskogo haractera. Megdunarodnii jurnal eksperemental’nogo obrazovaniya. 2010. No. 11, pp. 158–161. (In Russian).
4. Volkov A. Building Intelligence Quotient mathematical description // Applied Mechanics and Materials (Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland). 2013. V. 409–410, pp. 392–395.
5. Kadri F., Birregah B., Chatelet E., The Impact of Natural Disasters on Critical Infrastructures: A Domino Effectbased Study. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management. 2014. V. 11, Issue 2, pp. 217–241.
6. Shilova L.A. Informacionnaya poddergka ypravleniya ob’ektami gizneobespecheniya s uchetom kriteriev ingenernoy I funkcional’noi ystoichivosti na slychay ChS. Informacionnie resursy Rossii. 2014. No. 6 (142), pp. 24–27. (In Russian).

I.L. SHUBIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), D.A. LISOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (i.stunts@yandex.ru), A.I. KUGACHEV, Engineer Research Institute of Building Physics of RAAСS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

Monitoring of Housing Stock and Carrying Out Examination of Quality of Construction of New Housing Within Elimination of Emergency Housing Stock

Problems of the quality of inspections conducted in the sphere of public utilities are considered; the monitoring of compliance of technologies and the use of materials corresponding to appropriate design calculated characteristics by contractors in the course of the future overhaul repair are among them. The need for organizing the operation of 85 regional housing inspections according to the single structural scheme on the basis of modern, standard hardware and software, geoinformational, and electronic solutions is substantiated. It is shown that information technologies are necessary to also use for the expertise (construction control) of the newly constructed low-rise housing within the frames of the program of failing housing stock resettlement, and the executed overhaul repair of apartment houses. To solve identified problems, it is proposed to use the unified approaches with the use of hardware and software complex of a mobile monitoring station as well as to complement the created portal of PU GIS with an application information system which contains the information about technical conditions of building structures of apartment houses, their engineering systems, data on overhaul repair measures, energy saving measures and improving the energy efficiency class of houses, the information about correspondence of the executed overhaul repair to developed overhaul repair projects and other important information obtained with the help of the mobile monitoring station.

Keywords: energy saving, energy efficiency, public utilities, monitoring, quality control, engineering systems, housing stock, overhaul repair, geoinformation technologies, mobile monitoring station.

References
1. Website Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation. Access mode: http://www.minstroyrf.ru/
2. Guryev V.V., Dorofeev V.M., Strazhnikov A.M. About problems of safe operation of wide-span buildings and constructions. Promishlennoe i grajdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2007. No. 5, pp. 35–36. (In Russian).
3. Guryev V.V., Dorofeev V.M. Monitoring of technical condition of buildings and constructions. Collection of materials of the 2nd annual International conference exhibition «Unique and Special Technologies in Construction» (UST-Build 2005). Moscow. 2005, pp. 20-21. (In Russian).
4. Umnyakova N.P. Interrelation of an ecological condition of the cities and durability of construction materials and designs // Zhilishcnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing construction]. 2012. No. 1, pp. 30–33. (In Russian).

УДК 504.054
T.F. EL’CHISHCHEVA, Candidate of Sciences (engineering) (elschevat@mail.ru) Tambov State Technical University (106, Sovetskaya Street, 392000, Tambov, Russian Federation)

Evaluation of Pollutant Amount in the Air of Central Black Earth Region for Designing External Walls of Buildings

Materials of external walls of building are often subjected to the impact of unfavorable factors such as pollutant impurities in the air due to emissions of industrial, fuel and energy enterprises, and transport. Therefore, when selecting building materials for external enclosing structures, fasteners of suspended façade systems, materials of plaster facades, varnish coats and their protection methods, it is necessary to be guided by their resistance level to the aggressive impact of pollutants. The selection of building materials types and methods for their protection depends on the level of the air basin pollution in the areas of mass construction or reconstruction. The work presents the levels of air pollution for the period from 2007 to 2011 and the map of their distribution on the territory of the Central Black Earth Region.

Keywords: air environment, pollutants, external walls, building materials, pollution levels.

References
1. Umnyakova N.P. Influence of urban air pollution on the construction of ventilated facades. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. No. 3. Vol. 1, pp. 221–227. (In Russian).
2. Umnyakova N.P. The construction of energy efficient buildings in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. No. 3. Vol. 1, pp. 459–464. (In Russian).
3. El'chishcheva T.F. Assessing the impact of the quality of air pool in Tambov on the exterior building envelope. Biosfernaya sovmestimost': chelovek, region, tekhnologii. 2014. No. 3, pp. 43–49. (In Russian).
4. Ezhegodniki sostojanija zagrjaznenija atmosfery v gorodah na territo-rii Rossii za 2007-2011 gg. [Yearbooks state of air pollution in the cities of Russia in 2007-2011]. Sankt- Peterburg: D`Art. 2012. 234 p.
5. Kachestvo vozduha v krupnejshih gorodah Rossii za desjat' let. 1998-2007 [Air quality in major cities of Russia for ten years. 1998-2007 years]. Sankt-Peterburg: GU «GGO», Rosgidromet. 2009. 133 p.

N.P. UMNYAKOVA ¹ , Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (n.umniakova@mail.ru), I.N. BUTOVSKY ¹ , Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), A.G. CHEBOTAREV ¹ , Engineer, O.I. MATVEEVA ² , Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)
1 Research Institute of Building Physics of RAAСS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)
2 OAO «YakutPNIIS» (20, Dzerzhinskogo Street, 677000, Yakutsk, Russian Federation)

Improvement of Thermotechnical Design of Buildings Under Climatic Conditions of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

The main climatic parameters of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) for the calculation of heat losses of buildings in accordance with the Building Code 131.13330.2012 «The Updated Edition of SNIP 23-01–99* Building Climatology» are presented in the article. On the basis of calculations of the main thermotechnical characteristics for the most common series of residential buildings operated in the conditions of Yakutia in accordance with the Building Code 50.13330.2012 «The Updated Edition of SNIP 23-02–2012. Heat Protection of Buildings», recommendations on reducing the heat consumption for their heating are proposed.

Keywords: severe climatic conditions, low temperatures, reduced resistance to heat transfer, specific heat protection characteristic.

References
1. KiselevI.Ya. Rational design by means of the solution of questions of construction physics. Svetoprozrachnye i stroitel'nye konstruktsii. 2009. No. 6, pp. 32–34. (In Russian).
2. Korol' E.A.Technology of construction of multilayered monolithic external walls with a heat-insulation layer from concrete of low heat conductivity. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 7, pp. 32–35. (In Russian).
3. Umnyakova N.P., Butovskii I.N., Chebotarev A.G. Development of methods of rationing of a heat-shielding of power effective buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 7, pp. 19–23. (In Russian).
4. Umnyakova N.P., Andreitseva K.S., Smirnov V.A. Effective solution of a cover of the building and biospheres’ compatibility. Biosfernaya sovmestimost': chelovek, region, tekhnologii. 2013. No. 4, pp. 51–64. (In Russian).
5. Yarmakovskiy V.N., Semenyuk P.N., Rodevich V.V., Lugovoy A.V. Aktual'nye voprosy stroitel'noi fiziki – energosberezhenie, nadezhnost', ekologicheskaya bez opasnost': Materialy IV Akademicheskikh chtenii NIISF, 3–5 iyulya 2012 g. [To improvement constructive техноло гичеких solutions of three-layer external wall panels and large-panel buildings in the direction of increase of their heat-shielding function and reliability in operation. Topical issues of construction physics – energy saving, reliability, ecological safety: Materials IV of the Academic readings NIISF]. Moscow: NIISF 2012, pp. 47–64. (In Russian)
6. Yarmakovskii V.N., Shapiro G.I., Roginskii S.L., Trosnitskii V.B., Zalesov A.S., Rozental' N.K. The power effective protecting designs of buildings with flexible composite communications. Energosberezhenie. 2002. No. 2, pp. 32–34. (In Russian).
7. Umnyakova N.P. Heat-shielding of the closed air layers with reflective thermal insulation. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 1–2, pp. 16–20. (In Russian).

V.G. GAGARIN ¹ , Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), (gagarinvg@yandex.ru), ZHOU ZHIBO ² , Master (tchzhou.tchzhibo@yandex.ru)
1 Research Institute of Building Physics of RAAСS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation),
2 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering(26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

About Regulation of Thermal Performance of Buildings in China

The comparison of the normative base and methods for calculating the thermal performance of buildings in China and Russia is made. The similarity of principal approaches to the energy saving is shown. The thermal performance of buildings in China, as in Russia, is regulated depending on climatic conditions in the area of construction. The territory of China is divided into 5 zones according to climatic parameters, which include sub-zones depending on the number of degree-days of heating period or cooling period. The regulation of reduced coefficients of heat transfer of enclosing structures is conducted for each sub-zone and depends on a number of stories in buildings. The calculation of the reduced coefficient of heat transfer of enclosing structures is made according to the methodology similar to the presented in SP 50.13330.2012 «Thermal Performance of Buildings». Not only the number of stories in a building, but also the coefficient of façade glazing impact on the required values of the coefficient to heat transfer of window. The facade glazing is regulated according to zones and takes into account the façade orientation. The coefficient of compactness of buildings is regulated separately for zones with severe cold, cold, and transitional conditions. The coefficient of compactness of buildings is calculated without due regard for the first story floor square. The specific power consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a building is also regulated. This value is given per 1 m2 of the building area for each city of China individually. The calculation is made for the temperature value equal to the average temperature of the heating period. It is noted that norms of thermal performance of buildings in China are notable for their flexibility and reality of implementation.

Keywords: energy saving, thermal performance of buildings, heat transfer coefficient, compactness coefficient, glazing coefficient, heat energy losses in building.

References
1. Kotin V.Ja. About the Use of Indicators of Volumes and Areas of Residential Buildings in Specific Operating Consumptions of Energy Sources. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel'stvo. 2010. No. 2, pp. 27–28. (In Russian).
2. Samarin O.D., Lushin K.I. About Distribution of Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings and Study of Temperature Schedule in Their Heat Supply Systems. Jenergosberezhenie i vodopodgotovka. 2008. No. 1, pp. 56–59. (In Russian).
3. Grinfel'd G.I. Dialectics of Specified Requirements for Resistance of Enclosing Structures to Heat Transfer. Zhilishhnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 1, pp. 22–24. (In Russian).
4. Seppanen O. Requirements for Energy Efficiency of Buildings in Countries of EU. Jenergosberezhenie. 2010. No. 7, pp. 42–50. (In Russian).
5. Gagarin V.G., Dmitriev K.A. Accounting Heat Engineering Hetero geneities When Assessing the Thermal Protection of Enveloping Structures in Russia and European Countries. Stroitel'nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 6, pp. 14–16. (In Russian).

T.A. AKHMYAROV, (tagir-a@yandex.ru), A.V. SPIRIDONOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (spiridonov@aprok.org), I.L. SHUBIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) Research Institute of Building Physics of RAAСS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

Prospects of Application of Technologies and Systems of Active Energy Saving at Construction,

Reconstruction and Capital Repairs Residential and Public Buildings Results, advantages and intermediate conclusions on the newest theoretical and pilot studies of the new principles of increase of comfort of a microclimate and energy efficiency of the envelopes and fenestration of buildings and constructions of different function with the minimum energy consumption are given. It is shown that for the energy efficient ventilated envelopes (EEVE) it is possible to increase energy efficiency several times of the envelopes and fenestration which are rather existing modern and existing rules. Application of EEVE will allow to provide almost full recovery of a thermal stream and moisture, including fenestration that opens new prospects for construction and reconstruction of buildings (constructions, greenhouses) with big percent of a glazing.

Keywords: energy efficient ventilated fenestration and facade, system of active energy saving, recovery of transmission and radiation heat and moisture

References
1. Akhmyarov T.A., Belyaev V.S., Spiridonov A.V., Shubin I.L. System of active energy saving with heat recovery. Energosberezhenie. 2013. No. 4, pp. 36–46. (In Russian).
2. Akhmyarov T.A., Spiridonov A.V., Shubin I.L. Principles of designing and assessment of external enclosing structures with the use of modern technologies of “active” energy saving. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 6, pp. 8–13. (In Russian).
3. Akhmyarov T.A., Spiridonov A.V., Shubin I.L. Energy efficient ventilated envelopes with active recovery of the heat flow an insulation. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 10, pp. 38–42. (In Russian).
4. Akhmyarov T.A., Spiridonov A.V., Shubin I.L. The energy efficient ventilated fenestration. Energosberezhenie. 2014. No. 8, pp. 62–65. (In Russian).
5. Akhmyarov T.A., Lobanov V.A., Spiridonov A.V., Shubin I.L. Efficiency of ventilated envelopes and fenestration with active recuperation of outlet heat flow Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 4, pp. 28–34. (In Russian).
6. Shubin I.L., Spiridonov A.V. Energy saving problems in the Russian construction branch. Energosberezhenie. 2013. No. 1, pp. 15–21. (In Russian).
7. Terent’ev D.M. Increase of energy efficiency of buildings, structures and constructions. Tasks of Ministry of Construction, Architecture and Housing of Russia. Energosberezhenie. 2015. No. 3, pp. 18–21. (In Russian).
8. Patent RF 2295622.Ventiliruemoe okno [Ventilated window]. Akhmyarov T.A. Declared 14.03.2005. Published 20.03.07. Bulletin No. 8. (In Russian).
9. Patent RF 2447366. Ejektsyonny sposob sozdania tyagi v ventilyatsionnykh I dymovykh trubakh s ispol’zovaniem energii vetra [Ejector way of creation of draft in ventilating and chimneys with use of wind energy]. Arkadov Yu.K., Batura N.I., Akhmyarov T.A. Declared 10.11.2010. Published 10.04.12. Bulletin No. 10. (In Russian).
10. Patent RF 2447367. Deflector vetra dlya ventilyatsionnykh i dymovykh trub (variant) [The wind deflector for ventilating and chimneys (options)]. Arkadov Yu.K., Batura N.I., Akhmya- rov T.A. Declared 10.11.2010. Published 10.04.2012. Bull. No. 10. (In Russian).

M.V. CHEBYSHEV, Engineer (post4max@yandex.ru), Crimea Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky (4, Vernadskogo Avenue, Simferopol, 295007, Republic of Crimea, Russian Federation)

Structural Features of a Ventilated Façade with Foam Glass Heat Insulation

The article provides the opportunity to arrange the ventilated façade with the use of energy efficient, environmental friendly, and durable heat insulation produced from granulated glass or foam glass gravel in the course of reconstruction or new construction of buildings and facilities. The scheme of the ventilated facade with foam glass heat insulation is given.

Keywords: ventilated façade, energy efficiency, heat insulation, foam glass.

References
1. Nemova D.V. Power effective technologies in the protecting designs. Internet-zhurnal Stroitel'stvo unikal'nykh zdanii i sooruzhenii. 2012. No. 3, pp. 77–82. http://www.unistroy. spb.ru/index_2012_03/7_nemova_3.pdf (date of access 25.04.2015). (In Russian).
2. Tsykanovskii E.Yu. Problems of reliability, safety and durability of NFS at construction of high-rise buildings. Tekhnologii stroitel'stva. 2008. No. 4, pp. 11–13. (In Russian).
3. Kalinin A.Yu. About quality of the ventilated facades of high- rise buildings Tekhnologii stroitel'stva. 2008. No. 4, pp. 9–11. (In Russian).
4. Granovskii A.V., Kiselev D.A. The modern ventilated front systems. Problems and decisions. Krovlya. Fasady. Izolyatsiya. 2007. No. 3, pp. 44–46. (In Russian).
5. Mashenkov A.N., Cheburkanova E. V. Problems of fire safety of the hinged ventilated facades. AVOK. 2007. № 8, pp. 32–41. (In Russian).
6. Gagarin V.G. About some heattechnical mistakes made at design of the ventilated facades. AVOK. 2005. No. 2, pp. 44–51. (In Russian).
7. Sapacheva L.V., Goreglyad S.Yu. Foam Glass for Eco- Friendly Construction in Russia. Stroitel'nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 1, pp. 30–31. (In Russian).
8. Pogrebinskii G.M., Iskorenko G.I., Kanev V.P. The granulated foamglass as perspective heat-insulating material. Stroitel'nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2003. No. 3. pp. 28–29. (In Russian).

R.A. SHEPS, Engineer (romansheps@yandex.ru), T.V. SHCHUKINA, Candidate of Science (Engineering) Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Heat Protection Properties of Enclosing Structures with Due Regard for Operating Conditions

The influence of various factors on heat protection properties of building materials is considered. In accordance with the theory of heat and diffusion processes, it is proposed to use the linear functional change in the fundamental parameters. Dependences for determining calculation values of heat conduction coefficients at the forecasted moistening during the process of external enclosing structures operation have been obtained.

Keywords: heat conductivity, enclosing structures, material aging, humidity.

References
1. EN (ISO) 10456. Building materials and products – Hygrothermal properties – Tabulated design values and procedures for determining declared and design thermal values. Geneva: ISO copyright office. 2007. 27 p.
2. EN (ISO) 13788 Hygrothermal performance of building components and building elements – Internal surfacetemperature to avoid critical humidity and interstitial condensation – Calculation metods. Geneva: ISO copyright office. 2012. 47 p.
3. Isachenko V.P., Osipova V.A.,Sukomel A.S. Teploperedacha [Heat transfer]. Moscow: Energiya. 1969. 440 p.
4. Kostromin N.I., Khmelyuk K.D. Teplotekhnicheskie ispytaniya i kharakteristiki sten zhilykh zdanii [Thermal testing and characteristics of the walls of residential buildings]. Kiev: Izdatel'stvo akademii arkhitektury Ukrainskoi SSR. 1952. 67 p.
5. Perekhozhentsev A.G. Teoreticheskie osnovy i metody rascheta temperaturno-vlazhnostnogo rezhima ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsii zdanii. Volgograd: VolgGASA. 2008. 212 p.
6. Franchuk A.U. Tablitsy teplotekhnicheskikh pokazatelei stroitel'nykh materialov [Tables of thermal performance of building materials]. Gosstroi SSSR NII Stroitel'noi fiziki. 1969. 143

S.V. KORNIYENKO, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (svkorn2009@yandex.ru) Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (1, Akademicheskaya Street, 400074, Volgograd, Russian Federation)

Suggestions about Correction of SP 50.13330.2012 Concerning Protection of Enclosing Structures Against Overwetting

In order to improve the Russian normative base and quality of designing, suggestions about correction of the section «Protection of Enclosing Structures against Overwetting» of SP 50.13330.2012 have been developed. These suggestions contain the principal bases for estimating moisture-proofing properties of enclosing structures according to the maximum allowable state of wetting, which are harmonized with the international standard ISO 13788. Unlike the method for assessment of water-proofing properties of enclosing structures adopted in Russian standards, the proposed method makes it possible to analyze the dynamics of water accumulation in structures during the annual cycle. In comparison with the international standard ISO 13788, the suggested method more correctly estimates the humidity conditions of modern multi-layered enclosing structures with the enhanced level of heat protection.

Keywords: energy efficiency, energy saving, heat protection of buildings, enclosing structure, water-proofing properties, plane of condensation, water accumulation, calculation method.

References
1. Fokin K.F. Raschet vlazhnostnogo rezhima naruzhnykh ograzhdenii [Calculation of moisture conditions of building components]. Moscow–Leningrad: TsNIPS. 1935. 23 p.
2. Kupriyanov V.N., Safin I.Sh. Vapor permeability and building components design. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel'stvo. 2010. No. 3, pp. 385–390. (In Russian).
3. Orlovich R.B., Gorshkov A.S., Zimin S.S. Application of stones with high hollowness in a facing layer of multilayered walls. Inzhenerno-stroitel'nyi zhurnal. 2013. No. 8, pp. 14– 23. (In Russian).
4. Korniyenko S. Thermal Comfort and Energy Performance Assessment for Residential Building in Temperate Continental Climate (2015) Applied Mechanics and Materials, 725–726, pp. 1375–1380.
5. Kornienko S.V. Testing of the calculation method of heat and moisture conditions of building components on results of field study of indoor parameters. Inzhenerno-stroitel'nyi zhurnal. 2012. No. 2 (28), pp. 18–23. (In Russian).
6. Litavcova E., Korjenic A., Korjenic S., Pavlus M., Sarhadov I., Seman J., Bednar T. Diffusion of moisture into building materials: A model for moisture transport (2014) Energy and Buildings, 68, pp. 558–561.
7. Liu X., Chen Y., Ge H., Fazio P., Chen G. Numerical investigation for thermal performance of exterior walls of residential buildings with moisture transfer in hot summer and cold winter zone of China (2015) Energy and Buildings, 93, pp. 259–268.
8. Kornienko S.V. About applicability of SP 50.13330.2012 (Russian Standard) to calculation of moisture conditions of the building components with multizone moisture condensation. Stroitel'stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2014. No. 5 (55), pp. 29–37. (In Russian).

N.G. VOLKOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) Research Institute of Building Physics of RAAСS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

Dynamics of Sign-Variable Outside Temperatures of the Spring Period of Year

Нad been spent works by calculation of various climatic parametres for Moscow during supervision with 1980 for 2011. For the first time typical climatic year with use of hourly indicators of meteorological stations has been generated. At designing and building of buildings and constructions with their subsequent operation it is necessary to consider the periods of sign-variable temperatures of year. Researches of hourly values of an outside temperature have shown, that steady transition through 0°С for of Moscow is necessary for a spring equinox which should be considered at a technical estimation of conformity of the non-load-bearing designs to demanded characteristics.

Keywords: climatic parameters, energy efficiency, spring period, sign-variable temperatures

References
1. Volkova N.G. Accounting for climate change in the development of building codes. Topical issues of building physics: energy efficiency, reliability of structures and environmental security: conference materials. Moscow. 2013, p. 11. (In Russian).
2. Umniakova N.P. The new SP 131.13330 .2012. SNIP 23-01-99 * Building Climatology. The updated edition. AVOK. 2013. No. 7, pp. 72–76. (In Russian).
3. Volkova N.G. Development valuation Building Climatology. BST. 2012. No. 8, pp. 37-38. (In Russian).
4. Savin V.K. Stroitelnay fizikya. Energoeconomika [Building physics. Energy Economics]. Moscow: Lazyr’. 2011. 415 p.
5. Aleksandrovski S.V. Dolgovechnost' naruzhnykh ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsii [Durability external walling]. Moscow: NIISF RASN. 2004. 333 p.
6. Bogoslovskii V.N. Osnovy teorii potentsiala vlazhnosti primenitel'no k naruzhnym ograzhdeniyam obolochki zdanii [Fundamentals of the theory in relation to the capacity of the humidity outside fences shell buildings]. Moscow: MGSU. 2013. 415 p.

K.S. ANDREYTSEVA, Engineer, V.N. YARMAKOVSKY, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Honorary Member of RAACS, (yarmakovsky@yandex.ru), D.Z. KADIEV, Engineer Research Institute of Building Physics of RAAСS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

Influence of Brace-Connectors of Concrete Layers in Three-Layer Wall Panels on Thermotechnical Homogeneity of a Panel Structure

The article considers results of the mathematical modelling of heat transfer through the three-layer wall panel at availability of flexible braces made of low heat- conducting basalt-plastic in comparison with the panel of the same type and purpose with traditionally used rigid bracings made of reinforced concrete. The analysis of conducted calculations of three-dimensional temperature fields shows the efficiency of using a new structural concept of the panel with flexible basalt- plastic braces, developed by NIISF with participation of ZAO «Tomskaiy DSK» and ZAO «Irkutskiy DSK». The use of improved structural concepts of three-layer panels with flexible composite braces makes it possible to raise the temperature on inner surface of wall, improve the thermotechnical homogeneity and reduce specific heat losses of panels by 30% on average in comparison with traditional panel with rigid reinforced concrete bracings.

Keywords: three-layer panel, flexible bracing, rigid bracing, three-dimensional model, temperature, heat losses, resistance to heat transfer, thermotechnical homogeneity, energy efficiency.

References
1. Yarmakovskiy V.N., Semenyuk P.N., Rodevich V.V., Lugovoy A.V. Aktual'nye voprosy stroitel'noi fiziki – energo sberezhenie, nadezhnost', ekologicheskaya bezopasnost': Materialy IV Akademicheskikh chtenii NIISF, 3–5 iyulya 2012 g. [To improvement constructive technological solutions of three-layer external wall panels and large-panel buildings in the direction of increase of their heat-shielding function and reliability in exploitation. Topical issues of construction physics – energy saving, reliability, ecological safety: Materials IV of the Academic readings NIISF]. Moscow: NIISF 2012, pp. 47–64. (In Russian).
2. Matveev A.V., Ovchinnikov A.A. Development of the energy effective large-panel enclosed structures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 10, pp. 19– 23. (In Russian).
3 Yarmakovskiy V.N., Fotin O.V. Perspectives – transition to precast and monolithic housing construction in the conditions of seismically active region. Works of the third international conference on improvement of large-panel housing construction. Moscow: NIISF 2012, pp. 47–64. (In Russian).
4. Yarmakovskiy V.N., Shapiro G.I., Roginskiy S.L., Trosnits kiy V.B., Zalesov A.S., Rozental' N.K. The power effective enclosed structures of buildings with flexible composite communications. Energosberezhenie. 2002. No. 2, pp. 32– 34. (In Russian).
5. Patent RF 2147655. Soedinitel'nyy element [Coupling element]. Roginskiy S.L., Antipov V.V., Yarmakovskiy V.N. Published 20.04.2000. Bulletin No. 36. (In Russian).
6. Patent na poleznuyu model' 35119. Sloistaya stenovaya panel' zdaniya [Layered wall panel of the building]. Shapi- ro G.I., Yarmakovskiy V.N., Roginskiy S.L. Published 27.12.2003. Bulletin No. 36. (In Russian).
7. Umnyakova N.P. Construction of energy effective buildings for reduction of negative impact by environment. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. No. 3, pp. 459–464. (In Russian).
8. Umnyakova N.P. Ensuring energy saving in buildings according to requirements of the joint venture 50.13330 «Construction Norms and Regulations 23-02–2003 Thermal protection of buildings». The staticized edition. Materialy vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii «ZhKKh: razvitie infrastruktury dlya ekologicheski bezopasnogo i komfortnogo prozhivaniya. Yaroslavl', 1–2 noyabrya 2012 g. [Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference «housing and communal services: development of infrastructure for ecologically safe and comfortable accommodation] Yaroslavl': 2012, pp. 72–78. (In Russian).
9. Umnyakova N.P., Butovskiy. I.N., Chebotarev A.G. Deve lopment of methods of rationing of thermal protection of energy effective buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 7, pp. 19–23. (In Russian).
10. Umnyakova N.P. Energy resources saving in construction – an element of the concept of biospheric compatibility of the person with environment. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii «Biosfernosovmestimye goroda i poseleniya». [Materials of the international conference «Biosfernosovmestimy Cities and Settlements»]. December 11–13, 2012. Bryansk, pp. 56–64. (In Russian).
11. Kiselyov I.Ya. Rational design by means of the solution of questions of construction physics. Translucent and construction designs. 2009. No. 6, pp. 32–34. (In Russian).

A. UJMA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (aujma55@wp.pl), A. LIS, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (annalis29@wp.pl) Czestochowa University of Technology (69, Dabrowskiego Street, Czestochowa, 42-201, Poland)

Reduction in Operating Costs in Schools after Their Thermal Modernization

Results of the thermal modernization of four schools are presented on the basis of monitoring. An analysis of water and electricity consumption in these buildings is made. It is shown that the thermal modernization leads to the reduction in water, electricity, and gas consumption and in turn to reducing expenses for a pupil per year. The consumption of natural gas is reduced by 48,2%, electricity – by 9,8%, water – by 5,3% per year. In recalculation per a pupil, the natural gas consumption was reduced by 51,3%, electricity – by 25,4%, water – by 13,6%.

Keywords: thermal modernization, energy consumption, operating costs, energy saving, sustainable development, energy efficiency.

References
1. II Polityka Ekologiczna Pa stwa. Rada Ministrów RP, Warszawa 2000. (In Poland).
2. Directive 2012/27/EU of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency. (In Poland).
3. Directive 2010/31/EU of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings. (In Poland).
4. Environment, Statistical Information and Elaborations, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 2013. (In Poland).
5. Energy Statistics, Statistical Information and Elaborations, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 2013. (In Poland).
6. Informacje o mieszkalnictwie. Wyniki monitoringu za 2003, 2004, 2011 i 2012 rok, Instytut Rozwoju Miast, Kraków 2004, 2005, 2012 i 2013. (In Poland).
7. Lis A., Ujma A.: Aspects of Sustainable Development in the Thermomodernization of Buildings. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Problems in Architecture and Construction. Sustainable Building Industry of the Future. September 24-27, 2012, Czestochowa, Poland. Vol. 1. Edited by Jaros aw Rajczyk, Arnold Pabian. Cz stochowa Sekcja Wydawnictw WZ Politechniki Cz stochowskiej 2012, s. 69–76. (In Poland).
8. Lis A., Ujma A.: Building energy efficiency improvement after thermomodernization. Visnik Nacional'nogo Universitetu «L'vivs'ka Politehnika» 2013, nr 756 Teoria i Praktika Budivnictva, s. 153–160. (In Poland).
9. Lis A., Ujma A.: Changes in the external environment and of interior microclimate as a consequence of energetic modernization of building. Advanced Materials Research. Contemporary Problems of Architecture and Construction V. 21 (1020): 2014. No: 1020, s. 585–590. (In Poland).
10. Housing economy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 – Poland, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013. (In Poland).

A.D. ZHUKOV ¹ , Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), E.Yu. BOBROVA ² , Candidate of Sciences (Economy), I.V. BESSONOV ³ , Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (bessonoviv@mail.ru)
1 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, 129337, Moscow, Russian Federation)
2 Higher School of Economics (20, Myasnitskaya Street, 101000, Moscow, Russian Federation)
3 Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of RAACS (21, Lokomotivny Passage, Moscow, Russian Federation)

Building Systems and Peculiarities of Using Heat Insulation Materials

The accounting of operational conditions of heat insulation materials in the structure is necessary, as these conditions directly determine the operational durability of heat insulation and, consequently, working life and efficient operation of the structure. The conception of building system entered into the national construction practice already in the new Millennium and began to replace the «building structure» term. The building system involves the use of specific materials having certain properties; design and installation of this system are carried out with due regard for peculiarities of these materials. The building system makes it possible at the most to reduce operational loads on the insulation: loads in the course of installation and loads during the operation. Cooperation of higher educational institutions, scientific and design organizations as well as enterprises of the construction complex is very important for solution of scientific tasks of creating new building systems, studying insulation materials properties and taking optimization solutions on them.

Keywords: heat insulation, energy efficiency, building systems, roof, façade systems, operated basement.

References
1. Gagarin V.G. Heat-shielding and power efficiency in the project of the actualized edition Construction Norms And Regulations «Thermal protection of buildings». The III International congress «Energy efficiency XXI century». Sankt-Peterburg. 2011, pp. 187–191. (In Russian).
2. Shmelyov S.E. Ways of a choice of an optimum set of energy saving actions. Stroitel'nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 3, pp. 7–9.
3. Ponomarev V. B. Improvement of the production technology and improvement of quality of heat-insulating and composite materials on the basis of glass and mineral fiber. Collection of reports of the International scientific and practical conference «Effective Warm and Sound-proof Materials in Modern Construction and Housing and Communal Services». Moscow. 2006, pp. 109–118.
4. Bobrov Yu.L., Matviyevsky A.A. About some modern problems of durability of mineral-cotton heat-insulating material in relation to conditions of their operation as a layer of thermal isolation in various designs the hinged ventilated facades. Collection of reports of scientific and technical conference «Modern facade systems: efficiency and durability». Moscow. 2008, pp. 54–56.
5. Zhukov A.D., Bessonov I.V., Sapelin A.N., Naumova N.V., Chkunin A.S. Composite wall materiali. Italian Science Review. 2014. No. 2, pp. 155–157.

A.A. KOCHKIN ¹ , Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (pgs@mh.vstu.edu.ru), L.A. BORISOV ² , Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
1 Vologda State University (15, Lenina Street, 160000, Vologda, Russian Federation)
2 Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of RAAСS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

Research in Sound Pressure in Air Gap of a Double Enclosing Structure Made of Layered Vibro-Damped Elements

The process of passing sound waves through the structure consisting of two parallel three-layer plates divided by the air gap is considered. The total sound pressure in the lower half-space is determined with due regard for the distribution of sound energy of reflected and passed sound waves. The sound energy in the air gap can be defined via the value of energies of upper and lower half-spaces. The obtained value is used for determination of sound insulation of the double enclosing structure.

Keywords: sound pressure, layered vibro-damped elements, air gap.

References
1. Yuferev A.P. Povyshenie zvukoizolyatsii dvustennykh konstruktsii v zdaniyakh [Increase of sound insulation of double-walled designs in buildings]. Cand. Diss. (Engineering). Nizhnii Novgorod. 1997. 136 p. (In Russian).
2. Startseva О.V., Ovsyannikov S.N. Research of sound insulation of single-layer and two-layer partitions. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 6, pp. 43–46. (In Russian).
3. Samokhvalov A.S., Ovsyannikov S.N. Influence of an air interval on sound insulation of windows in separate covers. Nauka i obrazovanie v zhizni sovremennogo obshchestva: Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konfe rentsii [Science and education in life of modern society: Materials of the International scientific and practical conference]. Moskow, 2013, pp. 149–152. (In Russian).
4. Startseva O.V., Ovsyannikov S.N. Theoretical and pilot studies of sound insulation of partitions. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. 2013. No. 2 (30), pp. 176–184. (In Russian).
5. Dymchenko V.V., Monich D.V. Increase of sound insulation of frame and sewing partitions by application of a rational design of rack-mount profiles. Privolzhskii nauchnyi zhurnal. 2014. No. 3 (31), pp. 48–52. (In Russian).
6. Patent RF 114472. Dvoinaya zvukoizoliruyushchaya konstruktsiya s obshivkami iz sloistykh vibrodempfirovannykh panelei s izmenennoi izgibnoi zhestkost'yu [The double soundproofing design with coverings from layered the vibrodempfirovannykh of panels with the changed flexural rigidity]. Kochkin А. А., Shashkova L. E. Declared 04.05.2011. Published 27.03.2012. Bulletin No. 9. (In Russian).
7. Antonov A.I., Zhogoleva O.A., Ledenev V.I. Method of calculation of the noise mode in buildings with corridor systems of a breading. Biosfernaya sovmestimost': chelovek, region, tekhnologii. 2014. No. 2 (6), pp. 70–75. (In Russian).

A.S. POLEVSHCHIKOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) Vyatka State University (36, Moskovskaya Street, 610000, Kirov, Russian Federation)

Sound Insulation of Intermediate Floors in Residential Buildings

Main ways of the noise distribution in residential buildings, errors in the construction of floors and intermediate floors which negatively affect the sound insulating capacity of enclosing structures are considered. Possible consequences of the bad sound insulation and ways to solve the problem are described. Main measures aimed at sound protection in premises of residential and public buildings, current status of the issue of sound insulation regulation, advantages and disadvantages of normative documents concerning the sound insulation are presented. The condition of some materials used as flexible sound insulating seals has been studied. It is proposed to use special flexible seals of an original design for improving the sound insulation of intermediate floors.

Keywords: sound insulation, impact noise, airborne noise.

References
1. Tsukernikov I.E., Tikhomirov L.A., Solomatin E.O., Saltykov I.P., Kochkin N.A. Solution of Building Acoustic Problems as a Factor Ensuring Safety and Comfort of Habitation in Buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 10, рр. 48–49. (In Russian).
2. Murzakova A.R., Shayakhmetov U.Sh., Vasin K.A., Bakunov V.S. Development of Technology of Production of an Efficient Building Porous Heat and Sound Insulating Constructional Material. Stroitel`nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 5, pp. 65–66. (In Russian).
3. Antonov A.I., Batsunova A.V. Kryshov S.I. Evaluation of noise in the room with the sound source pulse of a periodic action. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. Vol. 1. No. 3, pp. 48–53. (In Russian).
4. Khritankov V.F. Light Organomineral Concretes with Heightened Sound Absorbing Property. Stroitel`nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2009. No. 8, pp. 60–63. (In Russian).

L.E. SHASHKOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (loli-sha@yandex.ru), A.A. KOCHKIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) Vologda State University (15, Lenina Street, 160000, Vologda, Russian Federation)

Research in Impact of Location and Filling of Saw Notches in Vibrodamped Elements on Their Sound Insulation

Results of the experimental study of sound insulation of vibrodamped elements with changed flexural rigidity are presented. It is proved that the location of saw notches in proposed structures does not influence on their sound insulation, and at the filling of saw notches with vibrodamped material, improvement of sound insulation is observed.

Keywords: vibrodamped elements, flexural rigidity, sound insulation.

References
1. Startseva О.V., Ovsyannikov S.N. Research of sound insulation of single-layer and two-layer partitions. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 6. pp. 43–46. (In Russian).
2. Grebnev P.А., Monich D.V. Study of sound-insulation properties of multilayer enclosures with hard filler. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 6. pp. 50–51. (In Russian).
3. Antonov A.I., Zhogoleva O.A., Ledenev V.I., Shubin I.L. Effect of Sound Absorption of Premises and Sound Proofing of Doors on the Noise Mode in Apartments of Residential Buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 6, pp. 45–48. (In Russian).
4. Antonov A.I., Zhogoleva O.A., Ledenev V.I., Shubin I.L. Method of Calculation of Noise in Apartments with Cell Systems of Layout. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2013. No. 7, pp. 33–35. (In Russian).
5. Antonov A.I., Zhogoleva O.A., Ledenev V.I. Metod of calculation of a noise mode in buildings with corridor systems of planning. Stroitel’stvo i reconstruksija. 2013. No. 3 (47), pp. 28–32. (In Russian).
6. Patent RF 107802. Zvukoizoliruyushchaya vibrodempfi rovannaya sloistaya panel' s izmenennoi izgibnoi zhest kost'yu [The soundproofing vibrodempfirovanny layered panel with the changed flexural rigidity]. Kochkin А.А., Shashkova L.E. Declared 06.12.2010; Published 27.08.2011. Bulletin No. 24. (In Russian).
7. Patent RF 114472. Dvoinaya zvukoizoliruyushchaya konstruktsiya s obshivkami iz sloistykh vibrodempfirovannykh panelei s izmenennoi izgibnoi zhestkost'yu [The double soundproofing design with coverings from layered the vibrodempfirovannykh of panels with the changed flexural rigidity]. Kochkin А. А., Shashkova L. E. Declared 04.05.2011. Published 27.03.2012. Bulletin No. 9. (In Russian).

V.A. SMIRNOV, Candidate of Sciences ( Engineering) (bolohvost@list.ru) Research Institute of Building Physics of RAAСS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

Dynamic Analysis of a Vibration Isolator of Quasi-Zero Stiffness at Random Base Vibrations

This article discusses the problem of dynamic analysis of a vibration isolation system based on quasi-zero stiffness vibration isolators subjected to random base fluctuations. Both analytical and numerical methods for calculation of nonlinear isolators response are presented. When the isolator’s elastic curve is approximated with power polynomials, the solution of the problem is obtained using the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation in a closed analytic form. The numerical method for calculation of the probability characteristics of the isolated equipment vibrations at the approximation of the vibration isolator’s elastic curve with complex functional dependences is presented.

Keywords: nonlinear vibration isolator, random vibrations, vibration isolation, precision equipment.

References
1. Platus D.L. Smoothing Out Bad Vibes. Machine Design. 1993. No. 2, pp. 123–130.
2. Smirnov V.A. Methods of placing high-precision equipment in existing buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 6, pp. 76–77. (In Russian).
3. Alabuzhev P., Gritchin A., Kim L., Migirenko G., Chon V., Stepanov P. Vibration Protecting and Measuring Systems with Quasi Zero Stiffness. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co., Taylor & Francis Group. 1989. 100 p.
4. Zotov A.N. Shock-proof system with quasi-zero stiffness. IX All-Russian Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics: Proceedings of the Congress. Nizhniy Novgorod. 2006. Vol. 1, p. 57. (In Russian).
5. Smirnov V.A. Non-linear static analysis of supercritical compressed isolator rods. PGS. 2014. No. 10, pp. 34–37. (In Russian).
6. Carrella A., Brennan M.J.; Waters T.P., Shin K. On the design of a high-static–low-dynamic stiffness isolator. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2008. Vol. 315. No. 3, pp. 712–720.
7. Kolovskii M.Z. Nelineinaya teoriya vibrozashchitnykh sistem [Nonlinear theory of vibration isolation systems]. Moscow: Nauka. 1966. 317 p.
8. Cho W.S. To. Nonlinear random vibration. Analytical techniques and applications. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co., Taylor & Francis Group. 2012. 292 p.

>S.D. SOKOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), V.M. KALININ, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) Moscow State University of Civil Engineering(26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

Improving the Reliability of Underground Waterproofing During Buildings Operation

Maintenance of the underground part of the building is a daunting task, but in the regulations the old visual methods of seasonal inspections of basements without due regard for the ever-changing operating conditions are presented. To select the optimal and objective technical decision on the operation of underground structures of buildings, it is proposed to automate the process of monitoring of soils and aggressive media, heat and humidity regime of basements, drains, hydrostatic pressure, mechanical damages of waterproofing et.al. A mathematical method of selection- logical-and-probabilistic method based on the theory of probability and propositional algebra apparatus is proposed. The system can be only in two states: in a state of complete working capacity and in a state of complete denial. On the basis of logical-probabilistic method, which uses a qualitative comparison, structural conceptions and technology of works are selected, and maintenance activities are planned. Only on this basis, principles of specificity and efficiency of the multi-variant analysis of complex systems, scientific justification of decisions on their development and operation of real-time of functioning can be implemented.

Keywords: logical-probabilistic method, weight of logical function of workable state, or inoperable state, probability of defect occurrence, reliability, durability, failure, service life of structure.

References
1. MDS 2.3–2003 Rules and regulations of technical maintenance of the housing stock. (In Russian).
2. Sokov V.N, Beglyarov A.V. Efficient three-layer monolithic products with a nano-structured transition layer. Stroitel'nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 11, pp. 41. (In Russian).
3. Umnyakova N.P., Shubin I.L. Actualized building codes to protect against noise, natural and artificial light and heat protection of buildings, developed NIISF. Proceedings of the International Conference «Modern innovative technology research, design and construction in the Far North». Yakutsk. 8–10 August 2012, pp. 40–54. (In Russian).
4. Umnyakova N.P. The durability of sandwich walls with brick veneer with a high level of thermal protection. Vestnik MGSU. 2013. No. 1, pp. 94–100. (In Russian).
5. Umnyakova N.P., Butovskiy I.N., Chebotarеv A.G. Deve lopment of the regulation methods of heat shield of energy efficient buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo [Housing Cons truction]. 2014. No. 7, pp. 14–17. (In Russian).
6. Gnedenko B.V., Belyaev Yu.K., Solov'ev A.D. Matema ticheskie metody v teorii nadezhnosti [Mathematical methods in reliability theory]. Moscow: Nauka. 1965. 524 p.
7. Levin V.I. Logicheskaya teoriya nadezhnosti slozhnykh sistem [The logical theory of reliability of complex systems]. Moscow: Energoatomizdat. 1985. 264 p.
8. Ryabinin I.A. Nadezhnost' i bezopasnost' strukturno-slozhnykh system [The reliability and safety of structurally complex systems]. Saint-Petersburg: Politekhnika. 2001. 276 p.